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Are Patriots Bigots? An Inquiry into the Vices of In‐Group Pride

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  • Rui J. P. De Figueiredo
  • Zachary Elkins

Abstract

One view in the study of intergroup conflict is that pride implies prejudice. However, an increasing number of scholars have come to view in‐group pride more benignly, suggesting that such pride can be accompanied by a full range of feelings toward the out‐group. In this article, we focus on a substantively interesting case of in‐group/out‐group attitudes—national pride and hostility toward immigrants. We explore the relationship in two fundamental ways: first by examining the prejudice associated with various dimensions of pride, and second by embedding these relationships in a comprehensive model of prejudice. We find that national pride is most validly measured with two dimensions—patriotism and nationalism—two dimensions that have very different relationships with prejudice. While nationalists have a strong predilection for hostility toward immigrants, patriots show no more prejudice than does the average citizen.

Suggested Citation

  • Rui J. P. De Figueiredo & Zachary Elkins, 2003. "Are Patriots Bigots? An Inquiry into the Vices of In‐Group Pride," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 47(1), pages 171-188, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:amposc:v:47:y:2003:i:1:p:171-188
    DOI: 10.1111/1540-5907.00012
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    1. Frederick Solt, 2008. "Diversionary Nationalism: Economic Inequality and the Formation of National Pride," LIS Working papers 495, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg.
    2. Yu, Anqi & Yu, Shubin & Liu, Huaming, 2022. "How a “China-made†label influences Chinese Youth's product evaluation: The priming effect of patriotic and nationalistic news," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    3. Peter Dirksmeier, 2023. "The relationship between patriotism and regional identification: a cross-country analysis," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 71(2), pages 343-362, October.
    4. Kai A. Konrad & Salmai Qari, 2012. "The Last Refuge of a Scoundrel? Patriotism and Tax Compliance," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 79(315), pages 516-533, July.
    5. Jessica Inocencio-Gray & Dianna L. Stone, 2013. "The Relations Between Race, Differences in Cultural Values, and Experienced Discrimination of Immigrants in the U.S," Working Papers 0224mgt, College of Business, University of Texas at San Antonio.
    6. Hadjigeorgiou, Nasia, 2022. "The invisible impact of frozen conflicts: a case study of foreign domestic workers in Cyprus," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 115768, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    7. Ahlerup, Pelle & Hansson, Gustav, 2011. "Nationalism and government effectiveness," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 431-451, September.
    8. Natalie J Shook & Holly N Fitzgerald & Shelby T Boggs & Cameron G Ford & Patricia D Hopkins & Nicole M Silva, 2020. "Sexism, racism, and nationalism: Factors associated with the 2016 U.S. presidential election results?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(3), pages 1-19, March.
    9. Asif Efrat & Abraham L. Newman, 2020. "Intolerant justice: ethnocentrism and transnational-litigation frameworks," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 15(1), pages 271-299, January.
    10. Jennifer Byrne, 2018. "National Identity and Migration in an Emerging Gateway Community," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-17, April.
    11. Yoav H. Duman, 2015. "Infiltrators Go Home! Explaining Xenophobic Mobilization Against Asylum Seekers in Israel," Journal of International Migration and Integration, Springer, vol. 16(4), pages 1231-1254, November.
    12. Nir Halevy & Gary Bornstein & Lilach Sagiv, 2007. "“Ingroup Love" and “Outgroup Hate" as Motives for Individual Participation in Intergroup Conflict: A New Game Paradigm," Discussion Paper Series dp474, The Federmann Center for the Study of Rationality, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
    13. Andrea Bohman, 2015. "It's who you Know. Political Influence on Anti-Immigrant Attitudes and the Moderating Role of Intergroup Contact," Sociological Research Online, , vol. 20(3), pages 62-78, August.
    14. Douglas Dow & Ilya R. P. Cuypers, 2024. "The influence of societal nationalist sentiment on trade flows," Journal of International Business Policy, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 7(1), pages 64-98, March.
    15. repec:zbw:bofitp:2015_014 is not listed on IDEAS
    16. Marlene Mußotter, 2022. "We do not measure what we aim to measure: Testing Three Measurement Models for Nationalism and Patriotism," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 56(4), pages 2177-2197, August.
    17. Nir Halevy & Gary Bornstein & Lilach Sagiv, 2007. ""Ingroup Love" and "Outgroup Hate" as Motives for Individual Participation in Intergroup Conflict: A New Game Paradigm," Levine's Bibliography 122247000000001806, UCLA Department of Economics.
    18. Alexander Libman & Björn Vollan, 2019. "Anti-Western Conspiracy Thinking in China and Russia: Empirical Evidence and its Link to Expectations of Collusion," Homo Oeconomicus: Journal of Behavioral and Institutional Economics, Springer, vol. 36(3), pages 135-163, December.
    19. Palermo, Francesco & Sergi, Bruno S. & Sironi, Emiliano, 2022. "Does urbanization matter? Diverging attitudes toward migrants and Europe's decision-making," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    20. Nasia Hadjigeorgiou, 2022. "The Invisible Impact of Frozen Conflicts: A case study of foreign domestic workers in Cyprus," GreeSE – Hellenic Observatory Papers on Greece and Southeast Europe 174, Hellenic Observatory, LSE.
    21. Carvalho, Sergio W. & Luna, David & Goldsmith, Emily, 2019. "The role of national identity in consumption: An integrative framework," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 310-318.
    22. Libman, Alexander & Vollan, Björn, 2015. "Anti-Western conspiracy thinking and expectations of collusion: Evidence from Russia and China," BOFIT Discussion Papers 14/2015, Bank of Finland, Institute for Economies in Transition.

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