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Timing of Sale, Pricing, and Cost Information: Evidence from the Airline Industry

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  • Sylvia H. Hsu
  • Johnny Jiungyee Lee

Abstract

This study examines the association between when an airline sells its passenger seats and the pricing method (marginal cost or full cost) it employs. Prior literature suggests that when firms are able to change prices during the selling period, the optimality of full cost pricing or marginal cost pricing depends on when demand information is revealed during the period between capacity commitment decisions and time of sale. Full cost‐based pricing is appropriate in determining capacity commitment and prices simultaneously, while marginal cost provides more relevant information for pricing when capacity has been committed. Using the price and cost data from a sample of four U.S. domestic airlines, we find that full cost explains price variations of first‐day sales robustly. The adjusted R2 of the marginal cost pricing model is larger in the sample of sales two days prior to departure than in the sample of first‐day sales. In the analysis of the sample of sales two days prior to departure, we find that, based on the adjusted R2 of the full cost pricing and marginal cost pricing models, the explanatory power of marginal cost pricing is relatively weaker than full cost pricing. Our results document the use of different cost information along the dynamic change of price and provide implications in understanding the role of cost information in setting prices. Moment de la vente, établissement des prix et information relative aux coûts: le cas de l'industrie aérienne Résumé Les auteurs étudient le lien entre le moment où une ligne aérienne vend ses sièges passagers et la méthode d'établissement des prix qu'elle emploie (fondée sur les coûts marginaux ou sur le coût complet). Les études précédentes semblent indiquer que, lorsque les sociétés sont en mesure de modifier les prix au cours de la période de vente, l'efficacité optimale de la méthode du coût complet ou de la méthode des coûts marginaux dans l'établissement des prix dépend du moment où l'information relative à la demande est révélée, au cours de la période qui sépare les décisions relatives à la mobilisation de la capacité et le moment de la vente. La méthode du coût complet est appropriée à la détermination simultanée de la capacité à mobiliser et des prix, alors que la méthode des coûts marginaux fournit de l'information plus pertinente aux fins de l'établissement des prix une fois la capacité mobilisée. En étudiant les données relatives aux prix et aux coûts d'un échantillon de quatre lignes aériennes nationales des États‐Unis, les auteurs constatent que le coût complet explique en grande partie les fluctuations de prix observées dans les ventes de la première journée. La valeur R2 ajustée du modèle des coûts marginaux est plus élevée dans l'échantillon des ventes deux jours avant le départ que dans l'échantillon des ventes de la première journée. Dans l'analyse de l'échantillon des ventes deux jours avant le départ, les auteurs notent que, selon le R2 ajusté des modèles d'établissement des prix fondés sur le coût complet et sur les coûts marginaux, le pouvoir explicatif de l'établissement des prix en fonction des coûts marginaux est relativement plus faible que celui de l'établissement des prix en fonction du coût complet. Les résultats obtenus par les auteurs viennent documenter l'utilisation de données différentes, en ce qui a trait aux coûts, au fil de l'évolution dynamique des prix et contribuent à la compréhension du rôle de l'information relative aux coûts dans l'établissement des prix.

Suggested Citation

  • Sylvia H. Hsu & Johnny Jiungyee Lee, 2012. "Timing of Sale, Pricing, and Cost Information: Evidence from the Airline Industry," Accounting Perspectives, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(3), pages 197-209, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:accper:v:11:y:2012:i:3:p:197-209
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3838.2012.00039.x
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