STOCHOS: Stochastic opportunistic maintenance scheduling for offshore wind farms

Despite the promising outlook, the numerous economic and environmental benefits of offshore wind energy are still compromised by its high Operations and Maintenance (O&M) expenditures. On one hand, offshore-specific challenges such as site remoteness, harsh weather, transportation requirements, and production losses, significantly inflate the O&M costs relative to land-based wind farms. On the other hand, the uncertainties in weather conditions, asset degradation, and electricity prices largely constrain the farm operator’s ability to identify the time windows at which maintenance is possible, let alone optimal. In response, we propose STOCHOS, short for the stochastic holistic opportunistic scheduler—a maintenance scheduling approach tailored to address the unique challenges and uncertainties in offshore wind farms. Given probabilistic forecasts of key environmental and operational parameters, STOCHOS optimally schedules the offshore maintenance tasks by harnessing the opportunities that arise due to favorable weather conditions, on-site maintenance resources, and maximal operating revenues. STOCHOS is formulated as a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear program, which we solve using a scenario-based rolling horizon algorithm that aligns with the industrial practice. Tested on real-world data from the U.S. North Atlantic where several offshore wind farms are in-development, STOCHOS demonstrates considerable improvements relative to prevalent maintenance benchmarks, across various O&M metrics, including total cost, downtime, resource utilization, and maintenance interruptions.