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Why Men Die Younger

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  • Barbara Kalben

Abstract

It is generally accepted that, on average, women live longer than men. Few, however, are aware that there is an underlying and consistent pattern of factors contributing to the sex mortality differential. This paper attempts to synthesize the evidence supporting and refuting the hypotheses for the sex mortality differential. The extent of the sex mortality differential is examined. It has existed since at least 1750; it occurs at all age groups, even prenatally, in nearly all animal species studied and for almost every major cause of death. Evidence supports both the biological/genetic and the social/cultural/environmental/behavioral schools of hypotheses, as well as interactions between the two, but the determining component may revolve around the differing chromosomes and hormones between the sexes. Behavioral distinctions, especially cigarette smoking, also affect the sex mortality differential.

Suggested Citation

  • Barbara Kalben, 2000. "Why Men Die Younger," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 4(4), pages 83-111.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:uaajxx:v:4:y:2000:i:4:p:83-111
    DOI: 10.1080/10920277.2000.10595939
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    Cited by:

    1. Snorre Jallbjørn & Søren Fiig Jarner, 2022. "Sex Differential Dynamics in Coherent Mortality Models," Forecasting, MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-26, September.
    2. Ebert, Cara & Klasen, Stephan & Vollmer, Sebastian, 2021. "Counting missing women: A reconciliation of the "flow measure" and the "stock measure"," Ruhr Economic Papers 924, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.
    3. Richard Rogers & Bethany Everett & Jarron Onge & Patrick Krueger, 2010. "Social, behavioral, and biological factors, and sex differences in mortality," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 47(3), pages 555-578, August.
    4. Jayanta Kumar Bora & Nandita Saikia, 2015. "Gender Differentials in Self-Rated Health and Self-Reported Disability among Adults in India," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(11), pages 1-14, November.
    5. Katja Schladitz & Franziska Förster & Michael Wagner & Kathrin Heser & Hans-Helmut König & André Hajek & Birgitt Wiese & Alexander Pabst & Steffi G. Riedel-Heller & Margrit Löbner, 2022. "Gender Specifics of Healthy Ageing in Older Age as Seen by Women and Men (70+): A Focus Group Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-22, March.
    6. Sudhir Anand & Sanjay G. Reddy, 2019. "The Construction Of The Daly: Implications And Anomalies," Economics Series Working Papers 877, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
    7. Cesarini, David & Lindqvist, Erik & Wallace, Björn, 2007. "Maternal Longevity and the Sex of Offspring: Evidence from Pre-Industrial Sweden," SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance 651, Stockholm School of Economics.
    8. Oliver Wisser & James W. Vaupel, 2014. "The sex differential in mortality: a historical comparison of the adult-age pattern of the ratio and the difference," MPIDR Working Papers WP-2014-005, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.

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