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Markov Aging Process and Phase-Type Law of Mortality

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  • X. Lin
  • Xiaoming Liu

Abstract

In this article, we propose a finite-state Markov process with one absorbing state to model human mortality. A health index called physiological age is introduced and modeled by the Markov process. Under this model the time of death follows a phase-type distribution. The model possesses many desirable analytical properties useful for mortality analysis. Closed-form expressions are available for many quantities of interest including the conditional survival probabilities of the time of death and the actuarial present values of the whole life insurance and annuity. The heterogeneity or frailty effect of a cohort can be expressed explicitly. The model is also able to explain some stylized facts of observed mortality data. We fit the model to some Swedish population cohort data and life tables compiled by the U.S. Social Security Administration. The fitting results are very satisfactory.

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  • X. Lin & Xiaoming Liu, 2007. "Markov Aging Process and Phase-Type Law of Mortality," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(4), pages 92-109.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:uaajxx:v:11:y:2007:i:4:p:92-109
    DOI: 10.1080/10920277.2007.10597486
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    Cited by:

    1. Jaap Spreeuw & Iqbal Owadally & Muhammad Kashif, 2022. "Projecting Mortality Rates Using a Markov Chain," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-18, April.
    2. Annamaria Olivieri & Ermanno Pitacco, 2016. "Frailty and Risk Classification for Life Annuity Portfolios," Risks, MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-23, October.
    3. Khouzeima Moutanabbir & Hassan Abdelrahman, 2022. "Bivariate Sarmanov Phase-Type Distributions for Joint Lifetimes Modeling," Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability, Springer, vol. 24(2), pages 1093-1118, June.
    4. Jeon, Yongho & Kim, Joseph H.T., 2013. "A gamma kernel density estimation for insurance loss data," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(3), pages 569-579.
    5. Franck Adékambi, 2019. "Moments Of Phase-Type Aging Modeling For Health Dependent Costs," Advances in Decision Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan, vol. 23(2), pages 37-64, June.
    6. Shu Su & Michael Sherris, 2011. "Heterogeneity of Australian Population Mortality and Implications for a Viable Life Annuity Market," Working Papers 201103, ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (CEPAR), Australian School of Business, University of New South Wales.
    7. Zhao, Yixing & Mamon, Rogemar, 2018. "An efficient algorithm for the valuation of a guaranteed annuity option with correlated financial and mortality risks," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1-12.
    8. Søren Asmussen & Patrick J. Laub & Hailiang Yang, 2019. "Phase-Type Models in Life Insurance: Fitting and Valuation of Equity-Linked Benefits," Risks, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-22, February.
    9. Milevsky, Moshe A., 2020. "Calibrating Gompertz in reverse: What is your longevity-risk-adjusted global age?," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 147-161.
    10. Meyricke, Ramona & Sherris, Michael, 2013. "The determinants of mortality heterogeneity and implications for pricing annuities," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(2), pages 379-387.
    11. Hautphenne, Sophie & Massaro, Melanie & Turner, Katharine, 2019. "Fitting Markovian binary trees using global and individual demographic data," Theoretical Population Biology, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 39-50.
    12. Guglielmo D'Amico & Montserrat Guillen & Raimondo Manca & Filippo Petroni, 2017. "Multi-state models for evaluating conversion options in life insurance," Papers 1707.01028, arXiv.org.
    13. Feng, Ben Mingbin & Li, Johnny Siu-Hang & Zhou, Kenneth Q., 2022. "Green nested simulation via likelihood ratio: Applications to longevity risk management," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 285-301.
    14. Su, Shu & Sherris, Michael, 2012. "Heterogeneity of Australian population mortality and implications for a viable life annuity market," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(2), pages 322-332.
    15. Albrecher, Hansjörg & Bladt, Martin & Bladt, Mogens & Yslas, Jorge, 2022. "Mortality modeling and regression with matrix distributions," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 68-87.
    16. Boquan Cheng & Rogemar Mamon, 2023. "A uniformisation-driven algorithm for inference-related estimation of a phase-type ageing model," Lifetime Data Analysis: An International Journal Devoted to Statistical Methods and Applications for Time-to-Event Data, Springer, vol. 29(1), pages 142-187, January.
    17. Albrecher Hansjörg & Bladt Martin & Müller Alaric J. A., 2023. "Joint lifetime modeling with matrix distributions," Dependence Modeling, De Gruyter, vol. 11(1), pages 1-22, January.

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