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Investigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia

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  • Ilhan Ozturk
  • Alper Aslan
  • Buket Altinoz

Abstract

Every year millions of Muslims go to Saudi Arabia to fulfil pilgrimage worship, thus Saudi Arabia is such a religious centre brings with it various consequences. In this context, this paper investigates the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia for the period of 1968–2017. The dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and fully-modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) methods are employed in this study. FMOLS results prove that energy consumption, number of pilgrims and oil prices have a positive effect on CO2 emissions and GDP has a negative effect on it, while DOLS results imply that only energy consumption has a positive effect on carbon emissions. In addition, there is unidirectional causality from CO2 to pilgrimage tourism and from pilgrimage tourism to oil, and there is bidirectional causality between pilgrimage tourism and GDP. Therefore, the environmental cost of pilgrimage tourism is inevitable. Reflections of pilgrimage visits to Saudi Arabia as a belief tourism are dealt with for the first time in this paper. In addition, our more specific purpose is to determine the environmental impacts of Muslims performing the pilgrimage, during their religious worship.

Suggested Citation

  • Ilhan Ozturk & Alper Aslan & Buket Altinoz, 2022. "Investigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia," Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(1), pages 3083-3098, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:reroxx:v:35:y:2022:i:1:p:3083-3098
    DOI: 10.1080/1331677X.2021.1985577
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    Cited by:

    1. Xu, Lan, 2023. "Role of belt and road initiative in the development of renewable energy: Mediating role of green public procurement," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
    2. Gao, Ming, 2023. "Role of financial inclusion and natural resources for green economic recovery in developing economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    3. Zhou, Hui & Awosusi, Abraham Ayobamiji & Dagar, Vishal & Zhu, Guohua & Abbas, Shujaat, 2023. "Unleashing the asymmetric effect of natural resources abundance on carbon emissions in regional comprehensive economic partnership: What role do economic globalization and disaggregating energy play?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    4. Suleman, Muhammad Tahir & Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Sheikh, Umaid A. & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2023. "Dynamic time-frequency connectedness between European emissions trading system and sustainability markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    5. Raufhon Salahodjaev & Bekhzod Djalilov & Islomjon Kobiljonov & Shukhrat Otajonov & Nargiza Kasimova, 2023. "Industrialization and CO2 Emissions: Accounting for the role of Renewable Energy in OIC Member States," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(5), pages 37-43, September.
    6. Ding, Xiuying & Liu, Xuemei, 2023. "Renewable energy development and transportation infrastructure matters for green economic growth? Empirical evidence from China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 634-646.
    7. Arvian Triantoro & Muhammad Zaheer Akhtar & Shiraz Khan & Khalid Zaman & Haroon ur Rashid Khan & Abdul Wahab Pathath & Muhamad Amar Mahmad & Kamil Sertoglu, 2023. "Riding the Waves of Fluctuating Oil Prices: Decoding the Impact on Economic Growth," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(2), pages 34-50, March.
    8. Sabbar Dahham Sabbar & Hani Amer Musa & Abdul Rahman Kadir & Mursalim Nohong & Arifuddin Manan & Musran Munizu & Anas Iswanto Anwar, 2023. "The Role of Green Marketing and Promotion of Green Energy Bonds to Reduce Carbon Emissions in Indonesia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(5), pages 73-82, September.
    9. Li, Yali & Pang, Dezhi & Cifuentes-Faura, Javier, 2023. "Time-Varying linkages among financial development, natural resources utility, and globalization for economic recovery in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    10. Samrena Jabeen & Ismat Nasim & Furrukh Bashir & David Chaloupský & Ahsan Akbar, 2024. "The Impact of Fossil Fuel Energy, Technological Innovation and Globalization on Tourism Inflows of Top Ten Most Visited Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(3), pages 664-671, May.

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