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A Randomized Sequential Procedure to Determine the Number of Factors

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  • Lorenzo Trapani

Abstract

This article proposes a procedure to estimate the number of common factors k in a static approximate factor model. The building block of the analysis is the fact that the first k eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of the data diverge, while the others stay bounded. On the grounds of this, we propose a test for the null that the ith eigenvalue diverges, using a randomized test statistic based directly on the estimated eigenvalue. The test only requires minimal assumptions on the data, and no assumptions are required on factors, loadings or idiosyncratic errors. The randomized tests are then employed in a sequential procedure to determine k. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

Suggested Citation

  • Lorenzo Trapani, 2018. "A Randomized Sequential Procedure to Determine the Number of Factors," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 113(523), pages 1341-1349, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jnlasa:v:113:y:2018:i:523:p:1341-1349
    DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2017.1328359
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    Cited by:

    1. Matteo Barigozzi & Daniele Massacci, 2022. "Modelling Large Dimensional Datasets with Markov Switching Factor Models," Papers 2210.09828, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2024.
    2. Shuquan Yang & Nengxiang Ling & Yulin Gong, 2022. "Robust estimation of the number of factors for the pair-elliptical factor models," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 37(3), pages 1495-1522, July.
    3. Patrick Gagliardini & Elisa Ossola & O. Scaillet, 2019. "Estimation of Large Dimensional Conditional Factor Models in Finance," Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper Series 19-46, Swiss Finance Institute.
    4. Matteo Barigozzi & Giuseppe Cavaliere & Lorenzo Trapani, 2024. "Inference in Heavy-Tailed Nonstationary Multivariate Time Series," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 119(545), pages 565-581, January.
    5. He, Yong & Kong, Xinbing & Trapani, Lorenzo & Yu, Long, 2023. "One-way or two-way factor model for matrix sequences?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 235(2), pages 1981-2004.
    6. Matteo Barigozzi, 2023. "Asymptotic equivalence of Principal Components and Quasi Maximum Likelihood estimators in Large Approximate Factor Models," Papers 2307.09864, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2024.
    7. Xin-Bing Kong & Yong-Xin Liu & Long Yu & Peng Zhao, 2022. "Matrix Quantile Factor Model," Papers 2208.08693, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2024.
    8. Ruan Weihua & Hou Qian, 2021. "Determining the Number of Factors in Static Approximate Factor Models Using Discrete Fourier Transforms and Pseudo-Eigenvalues," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 241(1), pages 71-117, February.
    9. Matteo Barigozzi, 2023. "Quasi Maximum Likelihood Estimation of High-Dimensional Factor Models: A Critical Review," Papers 2303.11777, arXiv.org, revised May 2024.
    10. Gagliardini, Patrick & Ossola, Elisa & Scaillet, Olivier, 2019. "A diagnostic criterion for approximate factor structure," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 212(2), pages 503-521.
    11. Barigozzi, Matteo & Trapani, Lorenzo, 2020. "Sequential testing for structural stability in approximate factor models," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 130(8), pages 5149-5187.
    12. Matteo Barigozzi & Marc Hallin, 2023. "Dynamic Factor Models: a Genealogy," Working Papers ECARES 2023-15, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    13. Noureddine Kouaissah & Sergio Ortobelli Lozza & Ikram Jebabli, 2022. "Portfolio Selection Using Multivariate Semiparametric Estimators and a Copula PCA-Based Approach," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 60(3), pages 833-859, October.
    14. Lorenzo Trapani & Emily Whitehouse, 2020. "Sequential monitoring for cointegrating regressions," Papers 2003.12182, arXiv.org.
    15. Choi, Sung Hoon & Kim, Donggyu, 2023. "Large volatility matrix analysis using global and national factor models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 235(2), pages 1917-1933.
    16. Noureddine Kouaissah & Amin Hocine, 2021. "Forecasting systemic risk in portfolio selection: The role of technical trading rules," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(4), pages 708-729, July.
    17. Ignace De Vos & Gerdie Everaert & Vasilis Sarafidis, 2021. "A method for evaluating the rank condition for CCE estimators," Working Papers of Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Belgium 21/1013, Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration.
    18. Yuefeng Han & Rong Chen & Cun-Hui Zhang, 2020. "Rank Determination in Tensor Factor Model," Papers 2011.07131, arXiv.org, revised May 2022.
    19. Sun, Yucheng & Xu, Wen & Zhang, Chuanhai, 2023. "Identifying latent factors based on high-frequency data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 233(1), pages 251-270.
    20. Matteo Barigozzi & Giuseppe Cavaliere & Lorenzo Trapani, 2020. "Determining the rank of cointegration with infinite variance," Discussion Papers 20/01, University of Nottingham, Granger Centre for Time Series Econometrics.
    21. Matthew Harding & Carlos Lamarche & Chris Muris, 2022. "Estimation of a Factor-Augmented Linear Model with Applications Using Student Achievement Data," Papers 2203.03051, arXiv.org.

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