Interaction Screening for Ultrahigh-Dimensional Data

In ultrahigh-dimensional data analysis, it is extremely challenging to identify important interaction effects, and a top concern in practice is computational feasibility. For a dataset with n observations and p predictors, the augmented design matrix including all linear and order-2 terms is of size n × ( p -super-2 + 3 p )/2. When p is large, say more than tens of hundreds, the number of interactions is enormous and beyond the capacity of standard machines and software tools for storage and analysis. In theory, the interaction-selection consistency is hard to achieve in high-dimensional settings. Interaction effects have heavier tails and more complex covariance structures than main effects in a random design, making theoretical analysis difficult. In this article, we propose to tackle these issues by forward-selection-based procedures called iFOR, which identify interaction effects in a greedy forward fashion while maintaining the natural hierarchical model structure. Two algorithms, iFORT and iFORM, are studied. Computationally, the iFOR procedures are designed to be simple and fast to implement. No complex optimization tools are needed, since only OLS-type calculations are involved; the iFOR algorithms avoid storing and manipulating the whole augmented matrix, so the memory and CPU requirement is minimal; the computational complexity is linear in p for sparse models, hence feasible for p >> n . Theoretically, we prove that they possess sure screening property for ultrahigh-dimensional settings. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate their finite sample performance. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.