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Cause, catalyst or conjunction? The influence of the Habitats Directive on policy instrument choice in Member States

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  • Irene Bouwma
  • Bas Arts
  • Duncan Liefferink

Abstract

In the process of implementing EU policy, Member States sometimes introduce new policy instruments in cases where this is not obligatory. To better understand this phenomenon, this paper reviews three cases in which new instruments emerged and develops a methodology to trace back the influence of EU Directives on instrument choice. The method is illustrated by a narrative of the emergence of new management planning instruments during the implementation of the EU Habitats Directive in three EU Member States: Finland, Hungary and the Netherlands. Three key features of a policy instrument are defined, namely, its authoritative force, action content and governance design. These are used to measure the contribution of the Habitats Directive compared to other potential explanatory causes for the emergence of the new policy instrument. In all three reviewed countries a nested causal relationship between the Habitats Directive and the introduction of the new policy instrument is identified. Based on the relative contribution of the Habitats Directive to the emergence of the new instrument a distinction is made whether the Directive acted as a cause, catalyst or if conjunction occurred.

Suggested Citation

  • Irene Bouwma & Bas Arts & Duncan Liefferink, 2017. "Cause, catalyst or conjunction? The influence of the Habitats Directive on policy instrument choice in Member States," Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 60(6), pages 977-996, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jenpmg:v:60:y:2017:i:6:p:977-996
    DOI: 10.1080/09640568.2016.1189819
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    Cited by:

    1. Paul Rouveyrol & Maya Leroy & Isabelle Witté, 2022. "A strategic evaluation framework to measure and guide efforts to protect biodiversity : effectiveness of the Natura2000 policy in France," Post-Print hal-04149863, HAL.
    2. Beunen, Raoul & Kole, Sander, 2021. "Institutional innovation in conservation law: Experiences from the implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives in the Netherlands," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    3. Acciai, Claudia, 2021. "The politics of research and innovation: Understanding instrument choices in complex governance environments – the case of France and Italy," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(9).
    4. Sabrina Lai, 2020. "Hindrances to Effective Implementation of the Habitats Directive in Italy: Regional Differences in Designating Special Areas of Conservation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-18, March.

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