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Token entrepreneurs: a review of gender, capital, and context in technology entrepreneurship

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  • Mandy Wheadon
  • Nathalie Duval-Couetil

Abstract

This article reviews the literature on gender and entrepreneurship in technology to explore individual and contextual factors maintaining the token status of women in this field. It examines how the intersection of gender and context influences participation rates in entrepreneurship, and suggests that the deeply embedded cultural and cognitive associations that frame both technology and entrepreneurship as masculine concepts create barriers for women when these contexts overlap. It offers a framework for research and practice that aids in the analysis of complex multi-level barriers that control access to the forms of capital necessary for initial and continued participation in technology entrepreneurship. Given calls for women to participate more fully in high-growth technology ventures, it highlights the need for research to incorporate broader analytical perspectives that simultaneously examine both the barriers faced by women in these contexts and the factors that systemically sustain them.

Suggested Citation

  • Mandy Wheadon & Nathalie Duval-Couetil, 2019. "Token entrepreneurs: a review of gender, capital, and context in technology entrepreneurship," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(3-4), pages 308-336, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:308-336
    DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551795
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    Cited by:

    1. Maria Bastida & Alberto Vaquero García & Luisa Helena Pinto & Ana Olveira Blanco, 2022. "Motivational drivers to choose worker cooperatives as an entrepreneurial alternative: evidence from Spain," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(3), pages 1609-1626, March.
    2. Welter, Friederike, 2020. "Contexts and gender: Looking back and thinking forward," Working Papers 01/20, Institut für Mittelstandsforschung (IfM) Bonn.
    3. Ares Kalandides & Boris Grésillon, 2021. "The Ambiguities of “Sustainable” Berlin," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-13, February.
    4. Yassine Bakkar & Susanne Durst & Wolfgang Gerstlberger, 2021. "The Impact of Institutional Dimensions on Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students—International Evidence," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-23, April.
    5. Lundmark, Erik & Milanov, Hana & Seigner, Benedikt David Christian, 2022. "Can it be measured? A quantitative assessment of critiques of the entrepreneurship literature," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 17(C).
    6. Ahmadi, Amal & Soga, Lebene Richmond, 2022. "To be or not to be: Latent entrepreneurship, the networked agent, and the fear factor," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    7. Maria Bastida & Luisa Helena Pinto & Ana Olveira Blanco & Maite Cancelo, 2020. "Female Entrepreneurship: Can Cooperatives Contribute to Overcoming the Gender Gap? A Spanish First Step to Equality," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-17, March.
    8. Kuratko, Donald F. & Neubert, Emily & Marvel, Matthew R., 2021. "Insights on the mentorship and coachability of entrepreneurs," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 64(2), pages 199-209.
    9. Blanco-Oliver, A.J. & Irimia-Diéguez, A.I. & Vázquez-Cueto, M.J., 2023. "Is there an optimal microcredit size to maximize the social and financial efficiencies of microfinance institutions?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    10. Halilem, Norrin & De Silva, Muthu & Amara, Nabil, 2022. "Fairly assessing unfairness: An exploration of gender disparities in informal entrepreneurship amongst academics in business schools," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    11. Jamal Mohammad Ibrahim Abdulla Alnassai, 2023. "A Study on the Barriers to Entrepreneurship in the UAE," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-14, February.
    12. Serwaah, Priscilla & Shneor, Rotem & Nyarko, Samuel Anokye & Nielsen, Kristian Roed, 2024. "Explaining gender differences in crowdfunding contribution intentions," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    13. Wendy D. Chen & Zoltan Acs & Siri Terjesen, 2024. "Adolescent entrepreneurial learning ecosystem and a tech entrepreneurial career—inspiration from theblack swan stories," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 62(3), pages 1157-1176, March.
    14. Carlos Díaz-Santamaría & Jacques Bulchand-Gidumal, 2021. "Econometric Estimation of the Factors That Influence Startup Success," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-14, February.

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