Artificial intelligence and arms races in the Middle East: the evolution of technology and its implications for regional and international security

Artificial Intelligence is now deeply connected to weapons systems. It therefore plays a critical role in matters concerning international peace and security. AI has also seen military competition take on a new dynamic. However, few studies have addressed the distinct dynamics of AI and its effects on Middle Eastern arms races. Given that these issues have the potential to fuel regional conflicts and jeopardise international security, it is contended that it is crucial to investigate their impact in both the medium and long-term. This article argues that the Middle East has had several arms races in past, which need to be understood to learn the lessons about what might happen in the future. It is also important to understand how a variety of international actors have negatively affected peace and stability in the region with their arms sales. The research argues that at present, there is a lack of understanding about the implications of AI and its economic, legal, security, and political consequences. The article makes a variety of recommendations on the implications of AI, including that states in the region should be coordinating, planning, and developing policy with respect to AI and arms matters.