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Understanding Municipal Water Use and Data Availability: a Case Study across North Dakota, USA

Author

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  • Nicole Ellingson

    (North Dakota State University)

  • Christina L. M. Hargiss

    (North Dakota State University)

  • Jack Norland

    (North Dakota State University)

Abstract

Tremendous variation exists in how cities, states, countries, and other jurisdictional areas classify water use and consumption. Additionally, water conservation measures have become more common in the past few decades, but little is known about how these conservation measures are implemented across the landscape. The goal of this study is to increase the breadth of knowledge regarding municipal water-use data: retention, storage, availability, and delving into water conservation measures, along with the impact of shale oil extraction on municipal water use in the Bakken region. Two questionnaires were developed and administered to all municipalities in the state of North Dakota, USA with populations greater than 1000 residents, and between 500 and 1000 residents in the Bakken region (total number (n) =59) willing to participate. Results indicate water conservation measures are inconsistent across the landscape, and data categorization at the municipal level is minimal which limits the analysis, interpretations, and projections that can be made from the data. Additionally, the Bakken region is different from the rest of the state in how they acquire water and sell water to other large scale users. Results from this study will aid water use professionals worldwide by providing valuable information on water-use data, access, storage, and impacts of large water users, such as shale oil extraction, on municipal water. This information will also help researchers to understand availability of data for making comparisons across different areas, assessing trends, and making water use projections.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicole Ellingson & Christina L. M. Hargiss & Jack Norland, 2019. "Understanding Municipal Water Use and Data Availability: a Case Study across North Dakota, USA," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 33(14), pages 4895-4907, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:waterr:v:33:y:2019:i:14:d:10.1007_s11269-019-02411-8
    DOI: 10.1007/s11269-019-02411-8
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Greg Halich & Kurt Stephenson, 2009. "Effectiveness of Residential Water-Use Restrictions under Varying Levels of Municipal Effort," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 85(4), pages 614-626.
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    Cited by:

    1. Daiane Favero & Aloísio José Bueno Cotta & Robson Bonomo & Murilo Brazzali Rodrigues, 2022. "Hydrogeochemical characterization and suitability of water for irrigation in new and old reservoirs in northern Espirito Santo, Brazil," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 320-351, January.

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