IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/rvmgts/v15y2021i6d10.1007_s11846-020-00390-4.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Public or perish? From founding to initial public offering

Author

Listed:
  • Yuji Honjo

    (Chuo University)

Abstract

We examine the factors affecting the time to initial public offering (IPO), using a sample of more than 10,000 start-up firms in Japan. We provide evidence that start-up firms engaging in innovative and uncertain businesses are more likely to go public earlier than other firms. The results also reveal that start-up firms that rely on equity financing at founding are more likely to go public earlier than others. Moreover, we find that start-up firms in highly valued industries are more likely to go public earlier than in other industries and that the likelihood of an IPO among start-up firms depends on market conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuji Honjo, 2021. "Public or perish? From founding to initial public offering," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 15(6), pages 1573-1610, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:rvmgts:v:15:y:2021:i:6:d:10.1007_s11846-020-00390-4
    DOI: 10.1007/s11846-020-00390-4
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11846-020-00390-4
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s11846-020-00390-4?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hidenori Takahashi, 2018. "Affiliation ties and underwriter selection," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 50(2), pages 325-338, February.
    2. Mata, Jose & Portugal, Pedro, 1994. "Life Duration of New Firms," Journal of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(3), pages 227-245, September.
    3. Elisabeth Müller & Volker Zimmermann, 2009. "The importance of equity finance for R&D activity," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 33(3), pages 303-318, October.
    4. Black, Bernard S. & Gilson, Ronald J., 1998. "Venture capital and the structure of capital markets: banks versus stock markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(3), pages 243-277, March.
    5. Bronwyn Hall, 2004. "The financing of research and development," Chapters, in: Anthony Bartzokas & Sunil Mani (ed.), Financial Systems, Corporate Investment in Innovation, and Venture Capital, chapter 2, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    6. Yuji Honjo & Masatoshi Kato, 2019. "Correction to: Do initial financial conditions determine the exit routes of start-up firms?," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 29(3), pages 1149-1149, July.
    7. N. Berger, Allen & F. Udell, Gregory, 1998. "The economics of small business finance: The roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth cycle," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 22(6-8), pages 613-673, August.
    8. Jay R. Ritter & Ivo Welch, 2002. "A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(4), pages 1795-1828, August.
    9. Annette B. Poulsen & Mike Stegemoller, 2008. "Moving from Private to Public Ownership: Selling Out to Public Firms versus Initial Public Offerings," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 37(1), pages 81-101, March.
    10. Fabio Bertoni & Massimo Colombo & Anita Quas, 2015. "The patterns of venture capital investment in Europe," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 45(3), pages 543-560, October.
    11. Mata, Jose & Portugal, Pedro & Guimaraes, Paulo, 1995. "The survival of new plants: Start-up conditions and post-entry evolution," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 13(4), pages 459-481, December.
    12. Nancy Huygebaert & Linda Gucht & Cynthia Hulle, 2007. "The choice between bank debt and trade credits in business start-ups," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 29(4), pages 453-453, December.
    13. Nancy Huyghebaert & Linda Gucht & Cynthia Hulle, 2007. "The Choice between Bank Debt and Trace Credit in Business Start-ups," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 29(4), pages 435-452, December.
    14. Magnus Henrekson & Dan Johansson, 2010. "Gazelles as job creators: a survey and interpretation of the evidence," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 35(2), pages 227-244, September.
    15. Heli Koski & Mika Pajarinen, 2013. "The role of business subsidies in job creation of start-ups, gazelles and incumbents," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 41(1), pages 195-214, June.
    16. Binks, Martin R & Ennew, Christine T, 1996. "Growing Firms and the Credit Constraint," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 8(1), pages 17-25, February.
    17. Akyol, Ali C. & Cooper, Tommy & Meoli, Michele & Vismara, Silvio, 2014. "Do regulatory changes affect the underpricing of European IPOs?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 43-58.
    18. Dirk Czarnitzki & Hanna Hottenrott, 2011. "R&D investment and financing constraints of small and medium-sized firms," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 36(1), pages 65-83, January.
    19. Honjo, Yuji, 2015. "Why are entrepreneurship levels so low in Japan?," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 88-101.
    20. Campbell, Tim S., 1979. "Abstract: Optimal Investment Financing Decisions and the Value of Confidentiality," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 14(4), pages 669-669, November.
    21. P. A. Geroski & José Mata & Pedro Portugal, 2010. "Founding conditions and the survival of new firms," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(5), pages 510-529, May.
    22. Berger, Allen N & Udell, Gregory F, 1995. "Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in Small Firm Finance," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 68(3), pages 351-381, July.
    23. Giot, Pierre & Schwienbacher, Armin, 2007. "IPOs, trade sales and liquidations: Modelling venture capital exits using survival analysis," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 679-702, March.
    24. Gerakos, Joseph & Lang, Mark & Maffett, Mark, 2013. "Post-listing performance and private sector regulation: The experience of London's Alternative Investment Market," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(2), pages 189-215.
    25. Thomas J. Chemmanur & Shan He & Debarshi K. Nandy, 2010. "The Going-Public Decision and the Product Market," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(5), pages 1855-1908.
    26. Harjoat S. Bhamra & Lars-Alexander Kuehn & Ilya A. Strebulaev, 2010. "The Aggregate Dynamics of Capital Structure and Macroeconomic Risk," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(12), pages 4187-4241, December.
    27. Joern H. Block & Massimo G. Colombo & Douglas J. Cumming & Silvio Vismara, 2018. "New players in entrepreneurial finance and why they are there," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 50(2), pages 239-250, February.
    28. Joshua S. Gans & David H. Hsu & Scott Stern, 2002. "When Does Start-Up Innovation Spur the Gale of Creative Destruction?," RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 33(4), pages 571-586, Winter.
    29. repec:cup:jfinqa:v:46:y:2011:i:06:p:1755-1793_00 is not listed on IDEAS
    30. Caroline Granier & Valérie Revest & Alessandro Sapio, 2019. "SMEs and Junior Stock Markets: A Comparison between European and Japanese Markets," Journal of Innovation Economics, De Boeck Université, vol. 0(2), pages 43-67.
    31. Ibbotson, Roger G & Jaffe, Jeffrey F, 1975. ""Hot Issue" Markets," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 30(4), pages 1027-1042, September.
    32. Helwege, Jean & Liang, Nellie, 2004. "Initial Public Offerings in Hot and Cold Markets," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 39(3), pages 541-569, September.
    33. Signori, Andrea & Vismara, Silvio, 2018. "M&A synergies and trends in IPOs," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 141-153.
    34. Roland Helm & Oliver Mauroner, 2007. "Success of research-based spin-offs. State-of-the-art and guidelines for further research," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 1(3), pages 237-270, November.
    35. Takahashi, Hidenori & Yamada, Kazuo, 2015. "IPOs, growth, and the impact of relaxing listing requirements," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 505-519.
    36. Rajan, Raghuram G, 1992. "Insiders and Outsiders: The Choice between Informed and Arm's-Length Debt," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 47(4), pages 1367-1400, September.
    37. James C. Brau & Stanley E. Fawcett, 2006. "Initial Public Offerings: An Analysis of Theory and Practice," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 61(1), pages 399-436, February.
    38. Manju Puri & Rebecca Zarutskie, 2012. "On the Life Cycle Dynamics of Venture-Capital- and Non-Venture-Capital-Financed Firms," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(6), pages 2247-2293, December.
    39. Himmelberg, Charles P & Petersen, Bruce C, 1994. "R&D and Internal Finance: A Panel Study of Small Firms in High-Tech Industries," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 76(1), pages 38-51, February.
    40. David B. Audretsch & Erik E. Lehmann, 2013. "Corporate governance in newly listed companies," Chapters, in: Mario Levis & Silvio Vismara (ed.), Handbook of Research on IPOs, chapter 9, pages 179-206, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    41. Kazuo Yamada, 2013. "How bank health affects the capital structure and performance of IPO firms: evidence from the Japanese financial crisis in the 1990s," Chapters, in: Mario Levis & Silvio Vismara (ed.), Handbook of Research on IPOs, chapter 24, pages 552-568, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    42. Caroline Granier & Valérie Revest & Alessandro Sapio, 2019. "SMEs and junior stock markets : a comparison between European and Japanese markets," Post-Print halshs-02097577, HAL.
    43. Campbell, Tim S., 1979. "Optimal Investment Financing Decisions and the Value of Confidentiality," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 14(5), pages 913-924, December.
    44. Yuji Honjo & Masatoshi Kato & Hiroyuki Okamuro, 2014. "R&D investment of start-up firms: does founders’ human capital matter?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 42(2), pages 207-220, February.
    45. Luigi Zingales, 1995. "Insider Ownership and the Decision to Go Public," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 62(3), pages 425-448.
    46. Yuji Honjo & Masatoshi Kato, 2019. "Do initial financial conditions determine the exit routes of start-up firms?," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 29(3), pages 1119-1147, July.
    47. Mathias Arrfelt & Michael Mannor & Jennifer D. Nahrgang & Amanda L. Christensen, 2018. "All risk-taking is not the same: examining the competing effects of firm risk-taking with meta-analysis," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 12(3), pages 621-660, July.
    48. Massimo Colombo & Douglas Cumming & Silvio Vismara, 2016. "Governmental venture capital for innovative young firms," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 41(1), pages 10-24, February.
    49. Aslan, Hadiye & Kumar, Praveen, 2011. "Lemons or Cherries? Growth Opportunities and Market Temptations in Going Public and Private," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 46(2), pages 489-526, April.
    50. Silvio Vismara & Stefano Paleari & Jay R. Ritter, 2012. "Europe's Second Markets for Small Companies," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 18(3), pages 352-388, June.
    51. Cattaneo, Mattia & Meoli, Michele & Vismara, Silvio, 2015. "Financial regulation and IPOs: Evidence from the history of the Italian stock market," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 116-131.
    52. Nancy Huyghebaert & Linda Gucht & Cynthia Hulle, 2007. "The choice between bank debt and trade credit in business start-ups," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 29(4), pages 455-455, December.
    53. James C. Brau & Bill Francis & Ninon Kohers, 2003. "The Choice of IPO versus Takeover: Empirical Evidence," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 76(4), pages 583-612, October.
    54. David B. Audretsch, 1995. "Innovation and Industry Evolution," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262011468, April.
    55. Holmstrom, Bengt & Tirole, Jean, 1993. "Market Liquidity and Performance Monitoring," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 101(4), pages 678-709, August.
    56. Kamien, Morton I & Schwartz, Nancy L, 1978. "Self-Financing of an R&D Project," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 68(3), pages 252-261, June.
    57. Honjo, Yuji & Nagaoka, Sadao, 2018. "Initial public offering and financing of biotechnology start-ups: Evidence from Japan," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 180-193.
    58. Yuji Honjo, 2001. "Do innovative start-ups really wish to go public? Evidence from Japanese electrical manufacturing companies," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(7), pages 493-497.
    59. Massimo Colombo & Luca Grilli, 2007. "Funding Gaps? Access To Bank Loans By High-Tech Start-Ups," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 29(1), pages 25-46, June.
    60. Bayar, Onur & Chemmanur, Thomas J., 2011. "IPOs versus Acquisitions and the Valuation Premium Puzzle: A Theory of Exit Choice by Entrepreneurs and Venture Capitalists," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 46(6), pages 1755-1793, December.
    61. Gao, Xiaohui & Ritter, Jay R. & Zhu, Zhongyan, 2013. "Where Have All the IPOs Gone?," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 48(6), pages 1663-1692, December.
    62. Lerner, Joshua, 1994. "Venture capitalists and the decision to go public," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 293-316, June.
    63. Audretsch, David B & Mahmood, Talat, 1995. "New Firm Survival: New Results Using a Hazard Function," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 77(1), pages 97-103, February.
    64. Cooper, Arnold C. & Gimeno-Gascon, F. Javier & Woo, Carolyn Y., 1994. "Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 9(5), pages 371-395, September.
    65. Audretsch, David B. & Bönte, Werner & Keilbach, Max, 2008. "Entrepreneurship capital and its impact on knowledge diffusion and economic performance," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 23(6), pages 687-698, November.
    66. Petersen, Mitchell A & Rajan, Raghuram G, 1994. "The Benefits of Lending Relationships: Evidence from Small Business Data," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 49(1), pages 3-37, March.
    67. Andriy Bodnaruk & Eugene Kandel & Massimo Massa & Andrei Simonov, 2008. "Shareholder Diversification and the Decision to Go Public," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 21(6), pages 2779-2824, November.
    68. Abe de Jong & Carel A. Huijgen & Teye A. Marra & Peter Roosenboom, 2012. "Why Do Firms Go Public? The Role of the Product Market," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(1-2), pages 165-192, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Avinash Ghalke & Arunima Haldar & Satish Kumar, 2023. "Family firm ownership and its impact on performance: evidence from an emerging market," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 17(2), pages 493-512, February.
    2. Yuji Honjo & Koki Kurihara, 2023. "Graduation of initial public offering firms from junior stock markets: evidence from the Tokyo Stock Exchange," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 60(2), pages 813-841, February.
    3. HONJO Yuji & IKEDA Yuya & KURIHARA Koki, 2024. "Founder-CEO Resistance and Ambition: An empirical analysis of firm survival in Japanese junior stock markets," Discussion papers 24060, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    4. HONJO Yuji & KURIHARA Koki, 2021. "Graduation of Initial Public Offering Firms from Junior Stock Markets: Evidence from the Tokyo Stock Exchange," Discussion papers 21049, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    5. KURIHARA Koki & HONJO Yuji, 2022. "Determinants of Campaign Success: Empirical evidence from equity crowdfunding in Japan," Discussion papers 22057, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. HONJO Yuji & KURIHARA Koki, 2021. "Graduation of Initial Public Offering Firms from Junior Stock Markets: Evidence from the Tokyo Stock Exchange," Discussion papers 21049, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    2. Yuji Honjo & Koki Kurihara, 2023. "Graduation of initial public offering firms from junior stock markets: evidence from the Tokyo Stock Exchange," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 60(2), pages 813-841, February.
    3. Honjo, Yuji, 2021. "The impact of founders’ human capital on initial capital structure: Evidence from Japan," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    4. Honjo, Yuji & Nagaoka, Sadao, 2018. "Initial public offering and financing of biotechnology start-ups: Evidence from Japan," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 180-193.
    5. Yuji Honjo & Masatoshi Kato, 2019. "Do initial financial conditions determine the exit routes of start-up firms?," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 29(3), pages 1119-1147, July.
    6. Peter‐Jan Engelen & Michele Meoli & Andrea Signori & Silvio Vismara, 2020. "The effects of stricter regulation on the going public decision of small and knowledge‐intensive firms," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(1-2), pages 188-217, January.
    7. Chemmanur, Thomas J. & Signori, Andrea & Vismara, Silvio, 2023. "The exit choices of European private firms: A dynamic empirical analysis," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    8. Honjo, Yuji & Kwak, Charee & Uchida, Hirofumi, 2022. "Initial funding and founders’ human capital: An empirical analysis using multiple surveys for start-up firms," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    9. Signori, Andrea, 2018. "Zero-revenue IPOs," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 106-121.
    10. KATO Masatoshi & Nicolas LEGENDRE & YOSHIDA Hiroki, 2022. "Does VC Investor Type Matter? Determinants and effects of VC backing for new firms in Japan," Discussion papers 22117, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    11. Gill, Andrej & Walz, Uwe, 2016. "Are VC-backed IPOs delayed trade sales?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 356-374.
    12. Carmen Cotei & Joseph Farhat, 2018. "The M&A exit outcomes of new, young firms," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 50(3), pages 545-567, March.
    13. Franck Bancel & Usha R. Mittoo, 2013. "Survey evidence: what do we know about European and US firms’ motivations for going public?," Chapters, in: Mario Levis & Silvio Vismara (ed.), Handbook of Research on IPOs, chapter 3, pages 57-75, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    14. Yuji Honjo & Masatoshi Kato & Hiroyuki Okamuro, 2014. "R&D investment of start-up firms: does founders’ human capital matter?," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 42(2), pages 207-220, February.
    15. Rohan Chinchwadkar & Rama Seth, 2018. "The Choice of Exit: Influence of Private Equity Investors and Buyout Entry," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 17(1_suppl), pages 1-26, April.
    16. Helwege, Jean & Packer, Frank, 2009. "Private matters," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 362-383, July.
    17. Chong Yu & Masatoshi Kato, 2024. "Does user entrepreneurship matter for start-up financing? Evidence from Japan," Discussion Paper Series 275, School of Economics, Kwansei Gakuin University.
    18. Masatoshi Kato & Koichiro Onishi & Yuji Honjo, 2022. "Does patenting always help new firm survival? Understanding heterogeneity among exit routes," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(2), pages 449-475, August.
    19. Franck Bancel & Usha R. Mittoo, 2009. "Why Do European Firms Go Public?," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 15(4), pages 844-884, September.
    20. Honjo, Yuji & Nakamura, Hiroki, 2020. "The link between entrepreneurship and informal investment: An international comparison," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Initial public offering; Start-up; Survival analysis;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G30 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - General
    • L26 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Entrepreneurship
    • M13 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - New Firms; Startups
    • O32 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:rvmgts:v:15:y:2021:i:6:d:10.1007_s11846-020-00390-4. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.