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Subsidence and carbon dioxide emissions in a smallholder peatland mosaic in Sumatra, Indonesia

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  • Ni’matul Khasanah

    (World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
    Wageningen University and Research)

  • Meine Noordwijk

    (World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
    Wageningen University and Research)

Abstract

Most attention in quantifying carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from tropical peatlands has been on large-scale plantations (industrial timber, oil palm (Elaeis guinensis)), differing in drainage and land-use practices from those of smallholder farms. We measured subsidence and changes in bulk density and carbon organic content to calculate CO2 emissions over 2.5 years in a remnant logged-over forest and four dominant smallholder land-use types in Tanjung Jabung Barat District, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia: (1) simple rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) agroforest (> 30 years), (2) mixed coconut (Cocos nucifera) and coffee gardens (Coffea liberica) (> 40 years), (3) mixed betel nut (Areca catechu) and coffee gardens (> 20 years), and (4) oil palm plantation (1 year). We quantified changes in microtopography for each site for greater accuracy of subsidence estimates and tested the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus application. All sites had a fibric type of peat with depths of 50 to > 100 cm. A recently established oil palm had the highest rate of peat subsidence and emission (4.7 cm year−1 or 121 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1) while the remnant forest had the lowest (1.8 cm year−1 or 40 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1). Other land-use types subsided by 2–3 cm year−1, emitting 70–85 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1. Fertilizer application did not have a consistent effect on inferred emissions. Additional emissions in the first years after drainage, despite groundwater tables of 40 cm, were of the order of belowground biomass of peat forest. Despite maintaining higher water tables, smallholder landscapes have CO2 emissions close to, but above, current IPCC defaults.

Suggested Citation

  • Ni’matul Khasanah & Meine Noordwijk, 2019. "Subsidence and carbon dioxide emissions in a smallholder peatland mosaic in Sumatra, Indonesia," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 147-163, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:masfgc:v:24:y:2019:i:1:d:10.1007_s11027-018-9803-2
    DOI: 10.1007/s11027-018-9803-2
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Di Gregorio, Monica & Nurrochmat, Dodik Ridho & Paavola, Jouni & Sari, Intan Maya & Fatorelli, Leandra & Pramova, Emilia & Locatelli, Bruno & Brockhaus, Maria & Kusumadewi, Sonya Dyah, 2017. "Climate policy integration in the land use sector: Mitigation, adaptation and sustainable development linkages," Environmental Science & Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 35-43.
    2. Putra Agung & Gamma Galudra & Meine Van Noordwijk & Retno Maryani, 2014. "Reform or reversal: the impact of REDD+ readiness on forest governance in Indonesia," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(6), pages 748-768, November.
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    4. Gamma Galudra & Meine Noordwijk & Putra Agung & Suyanto Suyanto & Ujjwal Pradhan, 2014. "Migrants, land markets and carbon emissions in Jambi, Indonesia: Land tenure change and the prospect of emission reduction," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 19(6), pages 715-731, August.
    5. Hesti Tata & Meine Noordwijk & Denis Ruysschaert & Rachmat Mulia & Subekti Rahayu & Elok Mulyoutami & Atiek Widayati & Andree Ekadinata & Riswan Zen & Adji Darsoyo & Rahayu Oktaviani & Sonya Dewi, 2014. "Will funding to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and (forest) Degradation (REDD+) stop conversion of peat swamps to oil palm in orangutan habitat in Tripa in Aceh, Indonesia?," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 19(6), pages 693-713, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Edi Purwanto & Hery Santoso & Idsert Jelsma & Atiek Widayati & Hunggul Y. S. H. Nugroho & Meine van Noordwijk, 2020. "Agroforestry as Policy Option for Forest-Zone Oil Palm Production in Indonesia," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-34, December.
    2. Yosefin Ari Silvianingsih & Kurniatun Hairiah & Didik Suprayogo & Meine van Noordwijk, 2021. "Kaleka Agroforest in Central Kalimantan (Indonesia): Soil Quality, Hydrological Protection of Adjacent Peatlands, and Sustainability," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-20, August.

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