IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jhappi/v24y2023i3d10.1007_s10902-023-00633-7.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Cross-Cultural Psychometric Analysis of the Mature Happiness Scale-Revised: Mature Happiness, Psychological Inflexibility, and the PERMA Model

Author

Listed:
  • David F. Carreno

    (University of Almeria)

  • Nikolett Eisenbeck

    (University of Seville)

  • James Greville

    (University of South Wales)

  • Paul T. P. Wong

    (Meaning-Centered Counselling Institute Inc.)

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Mature Happiness Scale, a measure focused on inner harmony. Mature happiness is achieved when a person can live in balance between both positive and negative aspects of their life. A total sample of 2,130 participants from five countries (Canada: n = 390, United States: n = 223, United Kingdom: n = 512, Spain: n = 724, and Hungary: n = 281) responded to an online survey including the original Mature Happiness Scale, the PERMA-Profiler, and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded a one-factor solution with seven positive items (non-reversed). We called this new version of the questionnaire the Mature Happiness Scale-Revised (MHS-R). Measurement invariance was found across countries, age groups, gender, and mental disorder diagnosis. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were high. Older people, males, and people without a mental disorder diagnosis scored higher in mature happiness than younger ones, females, and those with a mental health disorder diagnosis, respectively. Mature happiness showed strong positive associations with various subscales of the PERMA-Profiler, specifically with positive emotions and meaning in life. In addition, mature happiness was strongly correlated with less negative affect and inner conflict and lower psychological inflexibility, whereas it was moderately correlated with lower loneliness. This validity evidence supports the cross-cultural use of the MHS-R in the aforementioned countries to reliably measure happiness among adults. With its holistic approach, the MHS-R may be a unique complement to other well-being measures, particularly to better predict mental health problems.

Suggested Citation

  • David F. Carreno & Nikolett Eisenbeck & James Greville & Paul T. P. Wong, 2023. "Cross-Cultural Psychometric Analysis of the Mature Happiness Scale-Revised: Mature Happiness, Psychological Inflexibility, and the PERMA Model," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 1075-1099, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jhappi:v:24:y:2023:i:3:d:10.1007_s10902-023-00633-7
    DOI: 10.1007/s10902-023-00633-7
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10902-023-00633-7
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10902-023-00633-7?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. O. Kjell & D. Daukantaitė & K. Hefferon & S. Sikström, 2016. "The Harmony in Life Scale Complements the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Expanding the Conceptualization of the Cognitive Component of Subjective Well-Being," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 126(2), pages 893-919, March.
    2. Yi-Chen Lee & Yi-Cheng Lin & Chin-Lan Huang & Barbara Fredrickson, 2013. "The Construct and Measurement of Peace of Mind," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 14(2), pages 571-590, April.
    3. Necati Aydin & Hayat Khan, 2021. "G-Donic Happiness: An Alternative to Hedonic and Eudemonic Happiness for Sustainable Consumption," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-18, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. İbrahim Demirci, 2022. "Family Harmony and Flourishing in Turkey: The Roles of Interdependent Happiness and Harmony in Life," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 23(3), pages 985-1005, March.
    2. Ye, Xiaoyin & Guo, Zhaoyang & Ye, Jun, 2020. "The effect of the synchrony experience on product evaluation," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 247-258.
    3. Erik Carlquist & Pål Ulleberg & Antonella Delle Fave & Hilde E. Nafstad & Rolv M. Blakar, 2017. "Everyday Understandings of Happiness, Good Life, and Satisfaction: Three Different Facets of Well-being," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 12(2), pages 481-505, June.
    4. Sverker Sikström & Laura Mai Stoinski & Kristina Karlsson & Lotta Stille & Johan Willander, 2020. "Weighting power by preference eliminates gender differences," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-19, November.
    5. Jesus Alfonso D. Datu & Jana Patricia M. Valdez & Ronnel B. King, 2018. "Exploring the Association Between Peace of Mind and Academic Engagement: Cross-Sectional and Cross-Lagged Panel Studies in the Philippine Context," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 19(7), pages 1903-1916, October.
    6. Mohsen Joshanloo, 2014. "Eastern Conceptualizations of Happiness: Fundamental Differences with Western Views," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 15(2), pages 475-493, April.
    7. Corey L. M. Keyes & Malik Muhammad Sohail & Nneka Jebose Molokwu & Heather Parnell & Cyrilla Amanya & Venkata Gopala Krishna Kaza & Yohannes Benyam Saddo & Vanroth Vann & Senti Tzudier & Rae Jean Proe, 2021. "How Would You Describe a Mentally Healthy Person? A Cross-Cultural Qualitative Study of Caregivers of Orphans and Separated Children," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 22(4), pages 1719-1743, April.
    8. Omar Durrah & Adnan Al-Tobasi & Ashraf A’aqoulah & Moinuddin Ahmad, 2016. "The Impact of the Psychological Capital on Job Performance: A Case Study on Faculty Members at Philadelphia University," International Review of Management and Marketing, Econjournals, vol. 6(2), pages 183-191.
    9. Erik Carlquist & Hilde E. Nafstad & Rolv M. Blakar, 2018. "Understanding Satisfaction: An Analysis of the Meaning Potential of the Word “Satisfaction” in Everyday Norwegian Language," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 19(4), pages 939-959, April.
    10. Jean-Denis Mathias & Nicolas Pellerin & Gustavo Carrero & Eric Raufaste & Michael Dambrun, 2024. "Running on the Hedonic Treadmill: A Dynamical Model of Happiness Based on an Approach–Avoidance Framework," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 25(5), pages 1-38, June.
    11. Kailin Cheng & Jiangqun Liao, 2023. "Coping with Coronavirus Pandemic: Risk Perception Predicts Life Optimism," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 351-371, January.
    12. Farhan Sarwar & Siti Aisyah Panatik & Mohammad Saipol Mohd Sukor & Noraini Rusbadrol, 2021. "A Job Demand–Resource Model of Satisfaction With Work–Family Balance Among Academic Faculty: Mediating Roles of Psychological Capital, Work-to-Family Conflict, and Enrichment," SAGE Open, , vol. 11(2), pages 21582440211, April.
    13. Holli-Anne Passmore & Andrew J. Howell & Mark D. Holder, 2018. "Positioning Implicit Theories of Well-Being Within a Positivity Framework," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 19(8), pages 2445-2463, December.
    14. Xianglong Zeng & Yuan Zheng & Xiaodan Gu & Rong Wang & Tian PS. Oei, 2023. "Meditation Quality Matters: Effects of Loving-Kindness and Compassion Meditations on Subjective Well-being are Associated with Meditation Quality," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 211-229, January.
    15. James L. D. Brown & Sophie Potter, 2024. "Integrating the Philosophy and Psychology of Well-Being: An Opinionated Overview," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 25(5), pages 1-28, June.
    16. Vandepitte Sophie & Claes Sara & T’Jaeckx Jellen & Annemans Lieven, 2022. "The Role of ‘Peace of Mind’ and ‘Meaningfulness’ as Psychological Concepts in Explaining Subjective Well-being," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 23(7), pages 3331-3346, October.
    17. Mohsen Joshanloo, 2022. "Mental Balance in 116 Nations: Where It Is Experienced and Valued," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-10, September.
    18. Junguang Gao & Tao Chen & Thomas Schøtt & Fuzhen Gu, 2022. "Entrepreneurs’ Life Satisfaction Built on Satisfaction with Job and Work–Family Balance: Embedded in Society in China, Finland, and Sweden," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-21, May.
    19. Chi, Christina Geng-qing & Cai, Ruiying & Li, Yongfen, 2017. "Factors influencing residents’ subjective well-being at World Heritage Sites," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 209-222.
    20. Nicolas Pellerin & Michael Dambrun & Eric Raufaste, 2022. "Selflessness Meets Higher and More Stable Happiness: An Experience Sampling Study of the Joint Dynamics of Selflessness and Happiness," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 23(6), pages 3127-3142, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:jhappi:v:24:y:2023:i:3:d:10.1007_s10902-023-00633-7. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.