Algorithmic results on double Roman domination in graphs

Given a graph $$G=(V,E)$$G=(V,E), a function $$f:V\longrightarrow \{0,1,2,3\}$$f:V⟶{0,1,2,3} is called a double Roman dominating function on G if (i) for every $$v\in V$$v∈V with $$f(v)=0$$f(v)=0, there are at least two neighbors of v that are assigned 2 under f or at least a neighbor of v that is assigned 3 under f, and (ii) for every vertex v with $$f(v)=1$$f(v)=1, there is at least one neighbor w of v with $$f(w)\ge 2$$f(w)≥2. The weight of a double Roman dominating function f is $$f(V)=\sum _{u\in V}f(u)$$f(V)=∑u∈Vf(u). The double Roman domination number of G, denoted by $$\gamma _{dR}(G)$$γdR(G) is the minimum weight of a double Roman dominating function on G. For a graph $$G=(V,E)$$G=(V,E), Min-Double-RDF is to find a double Roman dominating function f with $$f(V)=\gamma _{dR}(G)$$f(V)=γdR(G). The decision version of Min-Double-RDF is shown to be NP-complete for chordal graphs and bipartite graphs. In this paper, we first strengthen the known NP-completeness of the decision version of Min-Double-RDF by showing that the decision version of Min-Double-RDF remains NP-complete for undirected path graphs, chordal bipartite graphs, and circle graphs. We then present linear time algorithms for computing the double Roman domination number in proper interval graphs and block graphs. We then discuss on the approximability of Min-Double-RDF and present a 2-approximation algorithm in 3-regular bipartite graphs.