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Health outcome convergence in Africa: the roles of immunization and public health spending

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  • Ariane Ephemia Ndzignat Mouteyica

    (School of Economics, University of Johannesburg)

  • Nicholas Ngepah

    (School of Economics, University of Johannesburg)

Abstract

Background Reducing health outcomes disparities in Africa is a major concern for policymakers. Inter-country disparities in Africa is well documented. However, little is known about the accurate trajectory of these disparities over time. Thus, this paper investigates the convergence hypothesis in health outcomes in 40 African countries using data from the World Development Indicators. The study used panel data from 2000 to 2019. Method The study employs a nonlinear time-varying factor model to test the convergence hypothesis on infant mortality rate, under-five mortality, and life expectancy at birth. Then, we use the marginal effects of the ordered logit regression model to investigate the factors that explain club memberships. Results The findings showed the absence of overall convergence for the three variables of interest. However, we identified the presence of convergence clubs. Moreover, we observed substantial gaps between the estimated clubs. The marginal effect results reveal that real GDP per capita, population structure, urbanization, trade, access to basic sanitation, and external health expenditure are essential to club formation. In addition, DTP immunization and the general government health expenditure as a percentage of the general government expenditure (our Abuja Declaration instrument) also play a significant role in explaining the club membership. Conclusion The findings suggest that policymakers should develop and implement targeted club-specific health policies. Furthermore, interventions to promote increased immunization, particularly among children, should be encouraged. Governments should also make substantial efforts to increase the share of their national budget allocated to the health sector by at least 15 percent.

Suggested Citation

  • Ariane Ephemia Ndzignat Mouteyica & Nicholas Ngepah, 2023. "Health outcome convergence in Africa: the roles of immunization and public health spending," Health Economics Review, Springer, vol. 13(1), pages 1-17, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:hecrev:v:13:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1186_s13561-023-00436-9
    DOI: 10.1186/s13561-023-00436-9
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Shingai Machingaidze & Charles S Wiysonge & Gregory D Hussey, 2013. "Strengthening the Expanded Programme on Immunization in Africa: Looking beyond 2015," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(3), pages 1-5, March.
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    4. Binder, Michael & Pesaran, M Hashem, 1999. "Stochastic Growth Models and Their Econometric Implications," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 4(2), pages 139-183, June.
    5. Philippe Aghion & Steven Durlauf (ed.), 2005. "Handbook of Economic Growth," Handbook of Economic Growth, Elsevier, edition 1, volume 1, number 1.
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    Cited by:

    1. Elvis D. Achuo & Simplice A. Asongu, 2024. "The impact of public spending on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) adoption: Governance thresholds for complementary policies," Working Papers 24/030, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS).

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