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A Quantitative Assessment of the Rush Hour of Life in Austria, Italy and Slovenia

Author

Listed:
  • Marina Zannella

    (“Sapienza” University of Rome
    Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU))

  • Bernhard Hammer

    (Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU)
    TU Wien)

  • Alexia Prskawetz

    (Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU)
    TU Wien)

  • Jože Sambt

    (University of Ljubljana
    TU Wien)

Abstract

This article builds on time use data to explore cross-country differences between Austria, Italy and Slovenia in unpaid labour and its implications in terms of gender distribution of total work. A contribution of this paper is to measure the ‘rush hour of life’ (RHOL) based on age spans in which individuals’ working time (including paid and unpaid work) exceeds their free time. In total, men and women work similar hours in Austria, whereas Italy and Slovenia show a gender gap with women working an average of approximately 50 min more per day during prime working ages. The different compositions and loads of total work are reflected in cross-country variations of the length and intensity of the RHOL, with Slovenian women reporting, on average, the larger squeeze of time. However, breadwinner arrangements differ considerably among the three countries, which can affect the amounts of work and free time available for men and even more so for women. Therefore, we further extend our analysis by developing a regression model to quantitatively assess the association between couples’ working arrangements and levels of the RHOL indicator for men and women. Results indicate a dual burden for women in dual-earner couples, squeezing out their free time. By contrast, women in male-breadwinner arrangements report the lowest amounts of total work. Breadwinner models show no significant relation to male levels of work and free time, with the main exception of Italy where men face higher RHOL in full-time employed couples.

Suggested Citation

  • Marina Zannella & Bernhard Hammer & Alexia Prskawetz & Jože Sambt, 2019. "A Quantitative Assessment of the Rush Hour of Life in Austria, Italy and Slovenia," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 35(4), pages 751-776, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:eurpop:v:35:y:2019:i:4:d:10.1007_s10680-018-9502-4
    DOI: 10.1007/s10680-018-9502-4
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Francesca Barigozzi & Cesare Di Timoteo & Chiara Monfardini, 2020. "Italian Families in the 21st Century: Gender Gaps in Time Use and their Evolution," CHILD Working Papers Series 84 JEL Classification: J1, Centre for Household, Income, Labour and Demographic Economics (CHILD) - CCA.
    2. Bernhard Hammer & Alexia Prskawetz, 2022. "Measuring private transfers between generations and gender: an application of national transfer accounts for Austria 2015," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 49(3), pages 573-599, August.
    3. Diego Alburez‐Gutierrez & Carl Mason & Emilio Zagheni, 2021. "The “Sandwich Generation” Revisited: Global Demographic Drivers of Care Time Demands," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 47(4), pages 997-1023, December.
    4. Marina Zannella & Andrea Principi & Davide Lucantoni & Francesco Barbabella & Mirko Di Rosa & Antía Domínguez-Rodríguez & Marco Socci, 2021. "Active Ageing: The Need to Address Sub-National Diversity. An Evidence-Based Approach for Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-14, December.
    5. Hammer, Bernhard & Spitzer, Sonja & Vargha, Lili & Istenič, Tanja, 2020. "The gender dimension of intergenerational transfers in Europe," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 15(C).
    6. Janna Bergsvik & Agnes Fauske & Rannveig Kaldager Hart, 2021. "Can Policies Stall the Fertility Fall? A Systematic Review of the (Quasi‐) Experimental Literature," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 47(4), pages 913-964, December.
    7. Marina Zannella & Alessandra De Rose, 2021. "Fathers’ and mothers’ enjoyment of childcare: the role of multitasking," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, vol. 19(1), pages 355-382.

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