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Main and Interaction Effects of Women's Education and Status on Fertility: The Case of Tanzania

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  • Øystein Kravdal

    (University of Oslo)

Abstract

The analysis is based on individual 1996 TDHS data combined withaggregate data from the 1988 census and the 1991/1992 TDHS. When varioussources of spuriousness are taken into account, it is found that giving awoman more education reduces her fertility much less than suggested byunivariate tabulations of the total fertility rate. Expansion of primaryeducation contributes to only a slightly higher age at first birth, and theeffect on higher-order birth rates is not significant. Changes in post-partum insusceptibility outweigh those in fertility desires and use ofmodern contraception among women not wanting an additional child.Secondary school enrollment influences fertility more markedly, inparticular because of a later first birth. Effects of women's status areestimated in models for actual fertility as well as fertility desires, post-partum insusceptibility and contraceptive use, using up to six macro- ormicro-level indicators. All significant effects suggest that empowerment ofwomen will tend to push fertility down, net of education. The significantinteractions between women's status and education point in differentdirections, but a majority of them indicate that education has the mostpronounced effect on fertility in the more egalitarian regions and amongwomen with relatively high individual status.

Suggested Citation

  • Øystein Kravdal, 2001. "Main and Interaction Effects of Women's Education and Status on Fertility: The Case of Tanzania," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 17(2), pages 107-135, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:eurpop:v:17:y:2001:i:2:d:10.1023_a:1010725506916
    DOI: 10.1023/A:1010725506916
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Heckman, James J & Walker, James R, 1990. "The Relationship between Wages and Income and the Timing and Spacing of Births: Evidence from Swedish Longitudinal Data," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 58(6), pages 1411-1441, November.
    2. Kravdal, O., 1998. "The Importance of Women's Education and Status for Fertility in Tanzania in the 1990s," Memorandum 1998_029, Oslo University, Department of Economics.
    3. Jejeebhoy, Shireen J., 1995. "Women's Education, Autonomy, and Reproductive Behaviour: Experience from Developing Countries," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198290339.
    4. Sonalde Desai & Soumya Alva, 1998. "Maternal education and child health: Is there a strong causal relationship?," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 35(1), pages 71-81, February.
    5. Easterlin, Richard A. & Crimmins, Eileen M., 1985. "The Fertility Revolution," University of Chicago Press Economics Books, University of Chicago Press, number 9780226180298.
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    Cited by:

    1. Kravdal,O., 2000. "The impact of individual and aggregate unemployment on fertility in Norway," Memorandum 42/2000, Oslo University, Department of Economics.

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