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Policy evaluation of vehicle exhaust standards in Japan from 1995 to 2005 based on two human health risk indices for air pollution and global warming

Author

Listed:
  • Naoya Kojima

    (Osaka University)

  • Akihiro Tokai

    (Osaka University)

  • Toyohiko Nakakubo

    (Ochanomizu University)

  • Yusuke Nagata

    (Mazda Motor Corporation)

Abstract

Measures for vehicle exhaust emissions aimed at reducing either air pollution or global warming could have counterproductive effects on one another. Increasing diesel passenger vehicles, which generally have lower CO2 emissions than gasoline counterparts, leads to increasing particulate matter (PM) emissions, while gasoline has lower PM emissions than diesel. It is said that stringent limits on PM emission factors discourages improved CO2 emission factors. Without including both effects in a risk evaluation, one cannot evaluate whether the total risk is reduced or not. Hence, we evaluated representative exhaust emission measures based on risk evaluation for both air pollution and global warming. Considering consumer choice between diesel and gasoline passenger vehicles and emissions standards adopted in Japan from 1995 to 2005, we built five cases for vehicle policy evaluation. For each case, we estimated disability-adjusted life years (DALY) as an index of human health risk caused by lung cancer linked to inhalation exposure of elemental carbon in PM as well as due to global warming linked to CO2. The results of our risk evaluation reveal that the case adopting the 2005 new long-term Japanese emission standard reduces the human health risk caused by lung cancer due to air pollution by 0.6 × 103 DALY, but would increase the risk due to global warming by 31.9 × 103 DALY compared with the case of adopting EURO 4, for the same conditions of passenger vehicle choice from 1995. These results suggest that the characteristics of Japanese emissions standards are mainly designed to reduce air pollution.

Suggested Citation

  • Naoya Kojima & Akihiro Tokai & Toyohiko Nakakubo & Yusuke Nagata, 2016. "Policy evaluation of vehicle exhaust standards in Japan from 1995 to 2005 based on two human health risk indices for air pollution and global warming," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 36(3), pages 229-238, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:spr:envsyd:v:36:y:2016:i:3:d:10.1007_s10669-015-9582-1
    DOI: 10.1007/s10669-015-9582-1
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Zachary A. Collier & James H. Lambert & Igor Linkov, 2016. "Latest journal news and introduction to the September issue of environment systems and decisions," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 36(3), pages 223-224, September.
    2. Muhammad Azmi & Akihiro Tokai, 2016. "System dynamic modeling of CO2 emissions and pollutants from passenger cars in Malaysia, 2040," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 36(4), pages 335-350, December.
    3. Hao Yu & Wei Deng Solvang, 2017. "A multi-objective location-allocation optimization for sustainable management of municipal solid waste," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 37(3), pages 289-308, September.

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