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Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands

Author

Listed:
  • Peter Martin

    (Agronomy Institute, Orkney College UHI)

  • Terence A. Brown

    (Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester)

  • Timothy S. George

    (The James Hutton Institute)

  • Björn Gunnarson

    (Stockholm University)

  • Neil J. Loader

    (Swansea University)

  • Paul Ross

    (University of St Andrews)

  • John Wishart

    (Agronomy Institute, Orkney College UHI)

  • Rob Wilson

    (University of St Andrews)

Abstract

For ancient types of barley at sites in the Scottish Isles, Faroes, and Iceland, we calculated minimum temperature requirements for grain production (grain production threshold, GPT) as accumulated degree days over the cropping season. Site suitability for barley from AD 1200 to 2000 was investigated by comparing these thresholds with reconstructions of annual cropping season degree days (CSDD) using temperature and tree-ring data. In Iceland, between AD 1200 and 1500, reconstructed CSDD were more favorable in the southwest (Reykjavik), with fewer years below the GPT, than in the North, East and West, but there were two periods (1340–1389 and 1426–1475) with low average CSDD and several years below the GPT which possibly influenced the abandonment of barley cultivation around this time. Reconstructed CSDD for the Faroes (Tórshavn) had only one year below the GPT, but 15 periods of four or more consecutive years with low CSDD which would have challenged barley cultivation, especially in the thirteenth century. Reconstructed CSDD were highest for the Scottish Isles, allowing a more prominent role of barley in the farming system and economy. Nevertheless, years with poor harvests or famines were common and about half were associated with low CSDD, resulting in a significant temperature link but also demonstrating the important contribution of other factors. Despite frequent unfavorable years in both the Faroes and Scottish Isles, resilient production systems, well-adapted barley strains and socio-economic factors allowed barley cultivation to continue, and some ancient types to survive to the present day.

Suggested Citation

  • Peter Martin & Terence A. Brown & Timothy S. George & Björn Gunnarson & Neil J. Loader & Paul Ross & John Wishart & Rob Wilson, 2023. "Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 176(2), pages 1-20, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:climat:v:176:y:2023:i:2:d:10.1007_s10584-022-03474-0
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-022-03474-0
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mike J. Church & Símun V. Arge & Seth Brewington & Thomas H. McGovern & Jim M Woollett & Sophia Perdikaris & Ian T. Lawson & Gordon T. Cook & Colin Amundsen & Ramona Harrison & Yekaterina Krivogorskay, 2005. "Puffins, Pigs, Cod and Barley: Palaeoeconomy at Undir Junkarinsfløtti, Sandoy, Faroe Islands," Environmental Archaeology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(2), pages 179-197, October.
    2. Ole Humlum & Hanne H. Christiansen, 1998. "Mountain climate and periglacial phenomena in the Faeroe Islands," Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 9(3), pages 189-211, July.
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