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Disaster-related psychiatric disorders among survivors of flooding in Ladakh, India

Author

Listed:
  • Motonao Ishikawa
  • Naomune Yamamoto
  • Gaku Yamanaka
  • Kuniaki Suwa
  • Shun Nakajima
  • Reiko Hozo
  • Tsering Norboo
  • Kiyohito Okumiya
  • Kozo Matsubayashi
  • Kuniaki Otsuka

Abstract

Background: Heavy rainfall in northern India in August 2010 caused flash floods, seriously damaging homes and infrastructure. There have been no major disasters in the history of Ladakh, and no surveys on post-disaster psychiatric disorders have been conducted in this area. Aims and methods: To examine the impact of this disaster in Ladakh one month post-disaster, we visited Choglamsar, located near the town of Leh, where the flood had the most severe impact. In total, 318 survivors (mean age: 58.6 years; female–male ratio: 59.7%; Tibetan refugees: 86.2%) participated in the survey. We used the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) along with questions covering background characteristics and disaster exposure. A psychiatrist interviewed the survivors with a single or double positive score in the PHQ-2 or with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Results and conclusion: There were only two PTSD cases and five of major depressive disorders. PTSD and depression were less common in the Tibetan cultural areas than in other areas. The social background and temperamental characteristics of the Tibetan culture may play a suppressive role in psychiatric disorders.

Suggested Citation

  • Motonao Ishikawa & Naomune Yamamoto & Gaku Yamanaka & Kuniaki Suwa & Shun Nakajima & Reiko Hozo & Tsering Norboo & Kiyohito Okumiya & Kozo Matsubayashi & Kuniaki Otsuka, 2013. "Disaster-related psychiatric disorders among survivors of flooding in Ladakh, India," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 59(5), pages 468-473, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:socpsy:v:59:y:2013:i:5:p:468-473
    DOI: 10.1177/0020764012440677
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Peter Cheung, 1994. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Cambodian Refugees in New Zealand," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 40(1), pages 17-26, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Choudhurimayum Pankaj Sharma & Anil Kumar & Poonam Chahal & Uma Kant Shukla & Pradeep Srivastava & Manoj K. Jaiswal, 2023. "Debris flow susceptibility assessment of Leh Valley, Ladakh, based on concepts of connectivity, propagation and evidence-based probability," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 115(2), pages 1833-1859, January.
    2. Amir Tiyuri & Maryam Rasoulian & Ahmad Hajebi & Morteza Naserbakht & Amir Shabani & Mitra Hakim Shooshtari & Aziz Rezapour & Seyed Abbas Motevalian, 2023. "Psychological impact of the Spring 2019 flood among adult population of Iran," International Journal of Social Psychiatry, , vol. 69(8), pages 1916-1927, December.
    3. Jiazhou Wang & Yueyue Zhou & Yiming Liang & Zhengkui Liu, 2019. "A Large Sample Survey of Tibetan People on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: Current Situation of Depression and Risk Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-15, December.

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