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‘Flexible and Imaginative’: The EU’s Accommodation of Northern Ireland in the UK–EU Withdrawal Agreement

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  • Katy Hayward

Abstract

The 1998 Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement that cemented the peace process formalized Northern Ireland’s position as a region integrally connected to both Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland. The multilevel governance and cross-border cooperation this entailed was enabled by common UK and Irish membership of the European Union. The UK’s decision to leave the EU posed risks to this settlement. In response, they engaged in a quest for ‘flexible and imaginative solutions’ to this conundrum. The unique arrangements established through the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland in the UK–EU Withdrawal Agreement (2019) mark an innovative and ambitious development for the EU. First, it de facto includes a region of a non-member state within its internal market for goods and, second, it delegates the enforcement of its rules to that non-member state. The Protocol represents a significant departure for the EU in terms of its typical engagement with external actors. Most significantly, it will not only represent a ‘live’ concern for the EU but a unique type of responsibility.

Suggested Citation

  • Katy Hayward, 2021. "‘Flexible and Imaginative’: The EU’s Accommodation of Northern Ireland in the UK–EU Withdrawal Agreement," International Studies, , vol. 58(2), pages 201-218, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:intstu:v:58:y:2021:i:2:p:201-218
    DOI: 10.1177/00208817211001999
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. repec:bla:jcmkts:v:45:y:2007:i::p:675-693 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Sieglinde Gstöhl & Christian Frommelt, 2017. "Back to the Future? Lessons of Differentiated Integration from the EFTA Countries for the UK’s Future Relations with the EU," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-17, October.
    3. Katy Hayward, 2007. "Mediating the European Ideal: Cross‐Border Programmes and Conflict Resolution on the Island of Ireland," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(3), pages 675-693, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Swati Dhingra & Thomas Sampson, 2022. "Expecting Brexit," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 14(1), pages 495-519, August.

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