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Spatial variations of the third and fourth COVID-19 waves in Hong Kong: A comparative study using built environment and socio-demographic characteristics

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  • Zidong Yu
  • Xintao Liu

Abstract

Since the first confirmed case was reported in January 2020, Hong Kong has experienced multiple waves of COVID-19 outbreaks. Recent literature has explored the spatial patterns of disease incidence and their relationships with the built environment and demographic characteristics. Nonetheless, few studies aim at the comparative patterns of different epidemic waves occurring in the same spatial context. This study analyses spatial patterns of the third and fourth COVID-19 epidemic waves and then evaluates the spatial relationship between case incidence and built environment and socio-demographic characteristics. By collecting local-related cases, this study incorporates a two-fold analytical strategy: (1) Using rank-size distribution and log-odd ratio to depict the spatial pattern of COVID-19 incidence rates; (2) through global and local regression models, investigating incidence’s associations with the urban built environment and socio-demographic characteristics. The results reveal that the two different epidemic waves have far distinct spatial tendencies to their infection risk factors, reflecting location-specific associations with the built environments and socio-demographics. Collectively, we discover that the third and fourth COVID-19 waves are likely associated with residential context and urban activities, respectively. Practical implications are discussed that would be of interest to policymakers and health professionals.

Suggested Citation

  • Zidong Yu & Xintao Liu, 2023. "Spatial variations of the third and fourth COVID-19 waves in Hong Kong: A comparative study using built environment and socio-demographic characteristics," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 50(5), pages 1144-1160, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:envirb:v:50:y:2023:i:5:p:1144-1160
    DOI: 10.1177/23998083221107019
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Khansa Ahmad & Sebhat Erqou & Nishant Shah & Umair Nazir & Alan R Morrison & Gaurav Choudhary & Wen-Chih Wu, 2020. "Association of poor housing conditions with COVID-19 incidence and mortality across US counties," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-13, November.
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    4. George J. Borjas, 2020. "Demographic Determinants of Testing Incidence and COVID-19 Infections in New York City Neighborhoods," NBER Working Papers 26952, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    5. Zidong Yu & Xiaolin Zhu & Xintao Liu & Tao Wei & Hsiang-Yu Yuan & Yang Xu & Rui Zhu & Huan He & Hui Wang & Man Sing Wong & Peng Jia & Song Guo & Wenzhong Shi & Wu Chen, 2021. "Reopening International Borders without Quarantine: Contact Tracing Integrated Policy against COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-13, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jianwei Huang & Mei-Po Kwan & Lap Ah Tse & Sylvia Y. He, 2023. "How People’s COVID-19 Induced-Worries and Multiple Environmental Exposures Are Associated with Their Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during the Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(16), pages 1-19, August.

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