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Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power

Author

Listed:
  • Ernest J. Wilson III

    (University of Southern California)

Abstract

This article pushes beyond hard power and soft power to insist on smart power, defined as the capacity of an actor to combine elements of hard power and soft power in ways that are mutually reinforcing such that the actor's purposes are advanced effectively and efficiently. It argues that advancing smart power has become a national security imperative, driven both by long-term structural changes in international conditions and by short-term failures of the current administration. The current debates over public diplomacy and soft power suffer from failures to address conceptual, institutional, and political dimensions of the challenge, three dimensions the author addresses in this article.

Suggested Citation

  • Ernest J. Wilson III, 2008. "Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 616(1), pages 110-124, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:anname:v:616:y:2008:i:1:p:110-124
    DOI: 10.1177/0002716207312618
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Aloys Leo Prinz, 2022. "The concentration of power in the market for contemporary art: an empirical analysis of ArtReview’s “Power 100”," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 2(1), pages 1-32, January.
    2. Nyam Elisha Yakubu, 2022. "An Appraisal of Hard Power in Contemporary Practice of Diplomacy," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 6(02), pages 342-351, February.
    3. Michał Marcin Kobierecki, 2023. "Sport at the World Expo. Analysis of sports diplomacy at the non-sporting event," Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 19(4), pages 413-425, December.
    4. Nisha Garud-Patkar, 2022. "Mediated Public Diplomacy: Frame-building Contest Between the United States and Pakistan During a Conflict," International Studies, , vol. 59(1), pages 58-75, January.
    5. Olga A. Kusraeva, 2024. "Nation brand: A systems approach to the creation and management," Journal of New Economy, Ural State University of Economics, vol. 25(2), pages 27-44, July.
    6. Dr. Ambrues Monboe Nebo Sr. (D.Scs.), 2023. "Given Africa’s Position in the International System, Can it Leverage Peace Between Russia and Ukraine?," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 7(7), pages 1501-1521, July.

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