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Grandes et petites cultures dans l'agriculture hongroise : la situation aujourd'hui et les perspectives

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  • Janos Juhasz

Abstract

[fre] L'économie hongroise et dans le cadre de celle-ci, l'agriculture, sont engagées dans un processus de transformation fondamental. Elles n'en sont encore qu'au début de ce processus, caractérisé par une seule conception des structures désirées, tandis que les méthodes, la cadence, les solutions pratiques de la transformation ne seront mises à l'ordre du jour que plus tard. Dans l'agriculture, l'unanimité s'est faite sur la nécessité d'une réforme de la propriété ainsi que sur la transformation de la structure de l'exploitation. Dans ce domaine, il faut laisser un champ plus vaste aux exploitations privées du type ferme familiale. Un rôle considérablement réduit reviendra donc aux grandes exploitations qui déterminent aujourd'hui la structure agraire hongroise. Jusqu'à présent, l'agriculture hongroise a comporté également des petites exploitations. Il y eut même une période où il semblait qu'avec la combinaison optimale des grandes et petites exploitations, et grâce à leur « symbiose », tous les problèmes actuels et futurs seraient résolus. Plus tard, cette conception s'est avérée illusoire. Toujours est-il qu'une division particulière du travail s'est développée entre grandes exploitations et petites exploitations et elle a produit des résultats spectaculaires dans plusieurs domaines : augmentation quantitative de la production agricole, développement d'un marché intérieur d'offre de produits alimentaires et fortes exportations de produits agricoles. Pourtant, « le miracle de l'agriculture hongroise » a eu la vie courte. Le système uniforme des coopératives de production de taille trop grande, dominant dans la structure agraire, a épuisé ses réserves de développement. D'autre part, il n'a pas été capable d'assurer une coopération organique entre grandes et petites exploitations. Ce système de relations doit se transformer sur un mode nouveau, exempt de monopole et de contraintes, et se fonder sur l'égalité et la réciprocité des intérêts. [eng] Hungary's economy, including its agriculture is undergoing fundamental changes. However, the process is in its initial stages only and it is characteristic that the idea concerning the desired structures to be brought about in the end is almost uniform, while the methods to be adopted for the transformation, the relevant pace and the practical solutions to be used are still to be considered. So far as agriculture is concerned there is basically a general agreement that an ownership reform should be introduced and the organizational structure of production must also be changed. In this process a much greater scope should be provided for private farming of the family farm type. Obviously, the role of large-scale farms which are currently overwhelming in Hungary's agricultural structure will decrease. Small-scale farming has been present in Hungary's agriculture so far. Indeed, there was a period during which it seemed that with the optimum combination or symbiosis of small and large- scale farming all the current and future problems of agriculture could be solved. Later, however, it turned out to be an illusion. In fact a specific division of labour developed between small and large-scale farms. It brought significant results. Spectacular achievements were recorded in terms of the quantitative increase in agricultural production ; supply-dominated domestic food market was brought about parallel with substantial agricultural exports. However, the « Hungarian agricultural miracle » turned out to be short-lived, because the uniform system of farming co-operatives of too large dimensions has exhausted development resources and is no longer capable of providing for cooperation between large and small scale farms. The relations between them must be laid upon new qualitative foundations relying on mutual interests and equality ; they must be free of monopolies and no forced courses of progress can be imposed on them.

Suggested Citation

  • Janos Juhasz, 1991. "Grandes et petites cultures dans l'agriculture hongroise : la situation aujourd'hui et les perspectives," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 205(1), pages 36-43.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:recoru:ecoru_0013-0559_1991_num_205_1_4226
    DOI: 10.3406/ecoru.1991.4226
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ecoru.1991.4226
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    Cited by:

    1. Benoît Petit, 1993. "L'inévitable restructuration des coopératives agricoles (LPG) dans l'ex-RDA," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 214(1), pages 62-67.

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