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L'impact local des radars fixes sur les accidents de la route : un effet important après l'installation mais plus réduit à long terme

Author

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  • Sébastien Roux
  • Philippe Zamora

Abstract

[ger] Desde el año 2002, la política de seguridad vial ha dirigido sus esfuerzos a reforzar el control de la velocidad y, en especial, los radares, tanto fijos como móviles. Respecto a estos últimos, evaluar rigurosamente su impacto resulta difícil, ya que se trata de un efecto extendido a varias partes y no localizado. En cambio, el efecto de los radares fijos puede cuantificarse de manera más precisa estudiando la evolución del número de accidentes en aquellos lugares que hayan sido equipados con un radar y la de aquellos que carezcan de él. Este es el objetivo al que aspira este artículo. Proponemos una medición del efecto local que los radares automáticos de velocidad instalados en Francia a partir de 2013 tienen sobre los accidentes de tráfico. Los accidentes se miden en cada municipio respecto a una base mensual o trimestral de 1998 a 2007. Nos apoyamos en un modelo semiparamétrico muy flexible que describe la ocurrencia de los accidentes y el efecto que los radares pueden tener sobre estos. Los parámetros del modelo se estiman aplicando el método generalizado de momentos no lineales. Mostramos que la instalación de radares fijos en los municipios con menos de 6.000 habitantes disminuye entre un 13% y un 17% el número de accidentes corporales y, entre 50% y 75% el número de accidentes mortales durante los primeros meses tras . su instalación. Este efecto disminuye a partir de los seis meses, sin por ello dejar de ser significativo : una reducción del 11% para los accidentes no mortales y del 25% al 50% para los accidentes mortales. Según . nos consta, la disminución del impacto de los radares a lo largo del tiempo aparece raramente constatada en la literatura internacional, que en general examina las consecuencias a corto plazo. Finalmente, extrapolando . hasta 2011 los resultados obtenidos para el periodo de 1998‑2007 de este estudio, la instalación de radares fijos en los municipios de menos de 6.000 habitantes hubiera evitado alrededor de 740 víctimas mortales, 2.750 heridos graves y 2.230 accidentes entre 2003 y 2011. [fre] À partir de 2002, la politique de sécurité routière s’est fortement appuyée sur le renforcement du contrôle de la vitesse, et notamment sur le renforcement des contrôles radars, à la fois fixes ou mobiles. Évaluer rigoureusement l’impact des seconds est difficile car il s’agit d’un effet diffus et non localisé. En revanche, l’effet des radars fixes peut‑être quantifié de manière plus précise en étudiant l’évolution du nombre d’accidents sur les sites qui en ont été équipés par rapport aux sites qui ne l’ont pas été. Tel est l’objet de cet article. Nous proposons . une mesure de l’effet local sur les accidents de la route des radars automatiques vitesse fixes installés en France à partir de 2003. Les accidents sont mesurés dans chaque commune sur une base mensuelle ou trimestrielle de 1998 à 2007. Nous nous appuyons sur un modèle semi‑paramétrique très flexible décrivant l’occurrence des accidents et l’effet que les radars peuvent avoir sur eux. Les paramètres du modèle sont estimés en appliquant la méthode des moments généralisés non‑linéaires. Nous montrons que l’installation de radars fixes dans les communes de moins de 6 000 habitants diminue de 13 à 17 % le nombre d’accidents corporels, et de 50 à 75 % le nombre de décès au cours des premiers mois suivant leur installation. Cet effet décroît au‑delà de six mois, tout en restant substantiel : une réduction de 11 % pour les accidents et de 25 % à 50 % pour les décès, par rapport à une situation sans radar fixe. À notre connaissance, la diminution de l’impact des radars au cours du temps est rarement constatée dans la littérature internationale, qui examine le plus souvent les conséquences de court terme. Au final, en extrapolant . jusqu’en 2011 les résultats obtenus sur la période 1998‑2007 dans cette étude, l’installation des radars fixes dans les communes de moins de 6 000 habitants aurait évité environ 740 décès, 2 750 blessés graves et 2 230 accidents entre 2003 et 2011. [eng] Since 2002, road safety policy has placed great emphasis on improving drivers’ control of speed and in particular on increasing the number of speed cameras in place, both fixed and mobile. It is difficult to assess the impact of mobile cameras as the effect is diffuse and not confined to one place. On the other hand, the effect of fixed cameras can be quantified more precisely by studying differences in the number of accidents at the sites where they have been installed compared with sites which are not equipped. This is the aim of this article. We propose to measure the local effect on road accidents of automatic fixed speed traps installed in France since 2003. Accidents were measured in each municipality on a monthly or quarterly basis from 1998 to 2007. We used a very flexible semi‑parametric model describing the occurrence of accidents and the effect that the speed traps could have on them. The model parameters were estimated using the generalised method of nonlinear moments. We show that the installation of fixed speed traps in municipalities with fewer than 6,000 inhabitants reduced the number of injuries on the roads by 13 to 17%, and the number of deaths by 50 to 75% in the first months after they were installed. This effect decreased after six months, while still remaining significant : an 11% decrease in road accidents and a 25% to 50% decrease in deaths, compared with the situation without a fixed camera. To our knowledge, the decrease in the impact of speed traps over time has rarely been observed in the international literature, which usually looks at the short term consequences. Lastly, when the results over the period 1998‑2007 in this study are extrapolated through to 2011, the installation of fixed cameras in municipalities . with fewer than 6,000 inhabitants would have prevented about 740 deaths, 2,750 serious injuries and 2,230 accidents between 2003 and 2011. [spa] El impacto local de los radares fijos en los accidentes de tráfico : un efecto importante tras la instalación pero mitigado a largo plazo. . Desde el año 2002, la política de seguridad vial ha dirigido sus esfuerzos a reforzar el control de la velocidad y, en especial, los radares, tanto fijos como móviles. Respecto a estos últimos, evaluar rigurosamente su impacto resulta difícil, ya que se trata de un efecto extendido a varias partes y no localizado. En cambio, el efecto de los radares fijos puede cuantificarse de manera más precisa estudiando la evolución del número de accidentes en aquellos lugares que hayan sido equipados con un radar y la de aquellos que carezcan de él. Este es el objetivo al que aspira este artículo. Proponemos una medición del efecto local que los radares automáticos de velocidad instalados en Francia a partir de 2013 tienen sobre los accidentes de tráfico. Los accidentes se miden en cada municipio respecto a una base mensual o trimestral de 1998 a 2007. Nos apoyamos en un modelo semiparamétrico muy flexible que describe la ocurrencia de los accidentes y el efecto que los radares pueden tener sobre estos. Los parámetros del modelo se estiman aplicando el método generalizado de momentos no lineales. Mostramos que la instalación de radares fijos en los municipios con menos de 6.000 habitantes disminuye entre un 13% y un 17% el número de accidentes corporales y, entre 50% y 75% el número de accidentes mortales durante los primeros meses tras . su instalación. Este efecto disminuye a partir de los seis meses, sin por ello dejar de ser significativo : una reducción del 11% para los accidentes no mortales y del 25% al 50% para los accidentes mortales. Según . nos consta, la disminución del impacto de los radares a lo largo del tiempo aparece raramente constatada en la literatura internacional, que en general examina las consecuencias a corto plazo. Finalmente, extrapolando . hasta 2011 los resultados obtenidos para el periodo de 1998‑2007 de este estudio, la instalación de radares fijos en los municipios de menos de 6.000 habitantes hubiera evitado alrededor de 740 víctimas mortales, 2.750 heridos graves y 2.230 accidentes entre 2003 y 2011.

Suggested Citation

  • Sébastien Roux & Philippe Zamora, 2013. "L'impact local des radars fixes sur les accidents de la route : un effet important après l'installation mais plus réduit à long terme," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 460(1), pages 37-68.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2013_num_460_1_10197
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2013.10197
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2013.10197
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    References listed on IDEAS

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