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L'appartenance à un groupe facilite le financement des entreprises

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  • Élizabeth Kremp
  • Patrick Sevestre

Abstract

[eng] In France, as in other countries, a number of studies have shown the indisputable influence of financial constraints on business investment, especially among SMEs. These latter businesses are reported to find it harder to obtain market financing and bank loans. Yet, more often than not, these enterprises are independent, i. e. not controlled by a group. This begs the question as to the reasons for this disadvantage: is it solely to do with their small size or also to do with their status? Belonging to a group influences a business’ level of financing and the structure of that financing. Independent businesses find it harder to obtain financing than businesses of the same size controlled by a group. Belonging to a group could reduce the asymmetry of information between companies and capital suppliers. However, less asymmetry in independent businesses’ relations with the banks than with the capital markets could explain why the proportion of all bank credits in their financing is larger than for companies controlled by a group. [ger] In Frankreich wie auch im Ausland zeigten mehrere Studien, daß die Finanzzwänge einen gewissen Einfluß auf die Investitionstätigkeit der Unternehmen, insbesondere der KMU haben. Demnach hätten letztere keinen so leichten Zugang zur Mittelbeschaffung am Finanzmarkt und zu den Bankkrediten. Diese Unternehmen sind aber oftmals unabhängig, das heißt werden von keinem Konzern kontrolliert. Man kann dann fragen, welches die Gründe für diesen Nachteil sind: ist er lediglich auf ihre geringe Größe oder auch auf ihren Status zurückzuführen? . Die Zugehörigkeit eines Unternehmens zu einem Konzern hat einen Einfluß auf die Höhe der Finanzierung seiner Tätigkeit wie auch auf die Struktur dieser Finanzierung. Die unabhängigen Unternehmen haben größere Schwierigkeiten, an Finanzmittel heranzukommen als die Unternehmen gleicher Größe, die aber von einem Konzern kontrolliert werden. Die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Konzern könnte zur Reduzierung der Informationsasymmetrie zwischen den Unternehmen und den Geldgebern beitragen. Mit einer Asymmetrie, die bei den Beziehungen der unabhängigen Unternehmen zu den Banken weniger ausgeprägt ist als bei ihren Beziehungen zu den Finanzmärkten, ließe sich jedoch erklären, weshalb der Anteil aller Bankkredite an ihrer Finanzierung bedeutender ist als im Falle der von einem Konzern kontrollierten Unternehmen. [spa] En Francia y en el extranjero, varios estudios han demostrado la influencia palmaria del ámbito financiero sobre la inversión de las empresas, y de las pymes ante todo. Éstas accederían con menos facilidad a las financiaciones de mercado y a los empréstitos bancarios. A menudo éstas son empresas independientes, o sea no controladas por un grupo. Uno puede entonces interrogarse acerca de los motivos de esta desventaja: ¿ está relacionada acaso con el pequeño tamaño de estas empresas o con su estatuto? . El pertenecer una empresa a un grupo influye en el nivel de financiación de su actividad y en la estructura de esta financiación. Las empresas independientes tienen más dificultades en encontrar financiaciones que aquellas empresas de tamaño equivalente pero controladas por un grupo. Pertenecer a un grupo podría ser un factor de reducción de la asimetría de información entre las empresas y los que ofrecen los capitales. Por otra parte, una asimetría menos fuerte en las relaciones de las empresas independientes con los bancos que con los mercados de capitales podría explicar por qué la cuota del conjunto de los créditos bancarios en su financiación es superior de lo que es para aquellas empresas controladas por un grupo. [fre] En France comme à l’étranger, plusieurs études ont montré l’influence certaine des contraintes financières sur l’investissement des entreprises, notamment des PME. Ces dernières accéderaient ainsi moins facilement aux financements de marché et aux emprunts bancaires. Or, le plus souvent, ces entreprises sont indépendantes, c’est-à-dire non contrôlées par un groupe. On peut alors s’interroger sur les raisons de ce désavantage: est-il lié seulement à leur petite taille ou bien également à leur statut? L’appartenance d’une entreprise à un groupe influe sur le niveau du financement de son activité et sur la structure de ce financement. Les entreprises indépendantes éprouvent plus de difficultés à trouver des financements que les entreprises de taille équivalente mais contrôlées par un groupe. Appartenir à un groupe pourrait être un facteur de réduction de l’asymétrie d’information entre les entreprises et les offreurs de capitaux. Cependant, une asymétrie moins marquée dans les relations des entreprises indépendantes avec les banques qu’avec les marchés de capitaux pourrait expliquer que la part de l’ensemble des crédits bancaires dans leur financement est plus importante qu’elle ne l’est pour les entreprises contrôlées par un groupe.

Suggested Citation

  • Élizabeth Kremp & Patrick Sevestre, 2000. "L'appartenance à un groupe facilite le financement des entreprises," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 336(1), pages 79-92.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2000_num_336_1_7514
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2000.7514
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2000.7514
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    1. Fabienne Rosenwald, 1998. "Le financement de l'investissement des petites entreprises industrielles : la place prépondérante de l'autofinancement," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 319(1), pages 127-136.
    2. Stiglitz, Joseph E, 1985. "Credit Markets and the Control of Capital," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 17(2), pages 133-152, May.
    3. Vincent Thollon-Pommerol, 1990. "Les groupes et la déformation du système productif," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 229(1), pages 21-28.
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    1. Kremp, Elizabeth & Sevestre, Patrick, 2013. "Did the crisis induce credit rationing for French SMEs?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(10), pages 3757-3772.
    2. Loupias, C. & Savignac, F. & Sevestre, P., 2002. "Is There a Bank lending Channel in France? Evidence From Bank Panel Data," Working papers 92, Banque de France.
    3. Djedidi-Kooli, Salima, 2009. "L’accès au financement des PME en France : quel rôle joué par la structure du système bancaire ?," Economics Thesis from University Paris Dauphine, Paris Dauphine University, number 123456789/8354 edited by Etner, François.
    4. Anaïs Hamelin-Schertzer, 2010. "Is there tunneling in Small Business Groups? Evidence from French SMEs," Working Papers CEB 10-003.RS, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    5. Sébastien Delarre & Richard Duhautois, 2003. "La mobilité intra-groupe des salariés : le poids de la proximité géographique et structurale," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 369(1), pages 173-190.
    6. Anaïs HAMELIN, 2013. "Does Size Matter? Firm And Business Group Size Influence On The Benefits Of Group Affiliation," Working Papers of LaRGE Research Center 2013-10, Laboratoire de Recherche en Gestion et Economie (LaRGE), Université de Strasbourg.
    7. Cieply, S. & Dejardin, M.A.F.G., 2009. "Entrepreneurial Finance in France: The Persistent Role of Banks," ERIM Report Series Research in Management ERS-2009-056-ORG, Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), ERIM is the joint research institute of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics (ESE) at Erasmus University Rotterdam.
    8. Théo Nicolas, 2019. "How Do Short-term Financial Constraints Affect SMEs’ Long-Term Investment: Evidence from the Working Capital Channel," Working papers 731, Banque de France.

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