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Les indices à utilité constante : une référence pour mesurer l'évolution des prix

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  • François Magnien
  • Jacques Pougnard

Abstract

[fre] Les débats récents sur une possible surestimation de l’inflation ont notamment porté sur l’ampleur du biais de substitution dans le calcul des indices de prix. Ce biais résulte de l’insuffisante prise en compte, avec un indice de Laspeyres, des transferts d’achats des consommateurs entre produits ou points de vente en fonction de l’évolution différenciée des prix. Le biais de substitution peut être important au niveau détaillé des produits. Idéalement, il conviendrait de calculer un indice à utilité constante (IUC), qui mesure la variation de la dépense assurant au moindre coût le maintien du niveau d’utilité face à la variation des prix. Calculer un IUC est délicat: il est nécessaire de mettre en évidence une fonction d’utilité qui rationalise les données. Formellement, ce problème est résolu grâce à la théorie des préférences révélées. En pratique, il faut disposer de relevés très fins de prix et de quantités, ce que permettent aujourd’hui les données scanner. Cette étude présente les résultats obtenus avec ce type de données pour des produits de grande consommation: les choix des consommateurs, pris dans leur ensemble, sont effectivement rationnels. Il n’y a pas un, mais toute une plage d’IUC, dont les valeurs extrêmes coïncident de temps à autre avec les indices de Laspeyres et de Paasche; cette plage contient presque toujours l’indice de Fisher. [eng] Recent discussions on the possible overestimation of inflation have focused in particular on the extent of substitution bias in the calculation of price indices. This bias is due to not taking enough account, with a Laspeyres index, of consumers' purchasing switches between products and points of sale prompted by different price changes. . The substitution bias could be important at detailed product level. Ideally, a constant-utility index (CUI) should be calculated to measure the variation in expenditure that maintains the level of utility at the lowest cost when faced with price changes. Calculating a CUI is a tricky business. A utility function has to be found that rationalises the data. This problem is solved formally using the revealed preferences theory. In practice, highly detailed price and quantity information is required, which is now provided by scanner data. . This study presents the results obtained with this type of data for fast-moving consumer goods: consumers' choices are on the whole rational. There is not one, but an entire range of CUis whose extreme values occasionally coincide with the Laspeyres and Paasche indices. This range virtually always encompasses the Fisher index. [ger] Die jüngsten Diskussionen über eine etwaige Überbewertung der Inflation betrafen insbesondere das Ausmaß der Substitutionsverzerrung bei der Errechnung der Preisindizes. Diese Verzerrung ist darauf zurückzuführen, daß mit einem Laspeyres-Index die Kauftransfers der Konsumenten zwischen Produkten oder Verkaufsstellen entsprechend der differenzierten Preisentwicklung nur unzureichend berücksichtigt werden. . Die Substitutionsverzerrung kann auf der untersten Gliederungsebene der Produkte erheblich sein. Im Idealfall müßte ein Index mit konstantem Nutzwert errechnet werden, der die Schwankung der Ausgabe mißt, bei der zu den geringsten Kosten das Niveau des Nutzwerts im Hinblick auf die Preisschwankung aufrechterhalten werden kann. Die Errechnung eines solchen Index ist aber schwierig; denn es muß eine Nützlichkeitsfunktion ermittelt werden, die die Daten rationalisiert. Formel ist dieses Problem dank der Theorie der aufgezeigten Präferenzen gelöst. In der Praxis braucht man aber sehr genaue Preis- und Mengenangaben, was heute die Scanner-Daten ermöglichen. . Diese Studie präsentiert die Ergebnisse, die man mit solchen Daten für gängige Konsumgüter erhalten hat: insgesamt ist die Wahl der Konsumenten in der Tat rational. Es gibt nicht eine, sondern eine ganze Palette von Indizes mit konstantem Nutzwert, deren Extremwerte zuweilen mit den Laspeyres- und Paasche-Indizes übereinstimmen; diese Palette umfaßt fast immer den Fisher-Index. [spa] Los debates recientes sobre la presunta sobreestimación de la inflación han descansado por parte en la importancia del sesgo de sustitución en el cálculo de los índices de los precios. Este sesgo se debe a la poca consideración, con un índice de Laspeyres, de las transferencias de compra de los consumidores entre productos o puntos de venta según la evolución diferenciada de los precios. . El sesgo de sustitución puede ser importante al nivel detallado de los productos. Lo ideal sería calcular un índice de utilidad constante (IUC) que mida la variación de aquel gasto que garantiza a menor coste el mismo nivel de utilidad frente a la variación de los precios. Resulta complejo calcular un IUC: es necesario poner de manifiesto una función de utilidad que racionalice los datos. Concretamente se resuelve el problema mediante la teoría de las preferencias reveladas. En la práctica, hay que valerse de unas listas muy precisas de precios y de cantidades, yeso lo permiten ahora los datos scanner. . Este estudio presenta los resultados sacados con este tipo de datos para productos de gran consumo: las opciones de los consumidores son globalmente racionales. No existe uno sino todo un abanico de IUC, cuyos valores extremos coinciden de vez en cuando con los índices de Laspeyres y de Paasche; este abanico abarca casi siempre el índice de Fisher.

Suggested Citation

  • François Magnien & Jacques Pougnard, 2000. "Les indices à utilité constante : une référence pour mesurer l'évolution des prix," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 335(1), pages 81-94.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2000_num_335_1_7523
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2000.7523
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2000.7523
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    1. W. E. Diewert, 1973. "Afriat and Revealed Preference Theory," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 40(3), pages 419-425.
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