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Emploi : les enseignements de l'expérience néerlandaise

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  • Sébastien Jean

Abstract

[fre] De presque 10% en 1983, le taux de chômage aux Pays-Bas est passé en 1999 au-dessous de 3%. Cette baisse est le résultat de fortes créations d’emploi (+ 25% de 1979 à 1998, à comparer à + 3,5 % en France), qui tiennent notamment au développement du travail à temps partiel et à une croissance économique soutenue. Le ralentissement de la productivité horaire du travail observé depuis le milieu des années 80 a aussi joué un rôle décisif dans le redressement de l’emploi aux Pays-Bas. Il résulte de la forte modération salariale depuis le début des années 80. Face à une augmentation durablement moins rapide du coût réel du travail, les entreprises ont été à la fois moins incitées à substituer du capital au travail et moins contraintes d’améliorer leur efficacité productive. Ce ralentissement de la productivité horaire du travail a été facilité par son niveau initialement très élevé. Son effet positif est indissociable de l’augmentation soutenue de l’offre de travail (avec notamment l’entrée massive des femmes sur le marché du travail): la croissance ne s’est pas ralentie, elle est seulement devenue plus riche en emploi, l’accélération de l’augmentation du volume de travail faisant plus que compenser le ralentissement des gains de productivité. La France partage un certain nombre des caractéristiques de l’économie néerlandaise, notamment un niveau relativement élevé de productivité horaire du travail, de substantielles réserves de main-d’oeuvre et une politique de modération du coût du travail. Le ralentissement des gains annuels de productivité horaire du travail en France depuis le début des années 90 (1, 5% l’an environ dans le secteur marchand non agricole) suggère que des mécanismes analogues à ceux qui ont joué pour l’économie des Pays-Bas ont commencé à produire leurs effets.

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  • Sébastien Jean, 2000. "Emploi : les enseignements de l'expérience néerlandaise," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 332(1), pages 133-157.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2000_num_332_1_7544
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2000.7544
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2000.7544
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