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Marché unique et développement des échanges

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  • Lionel Fontagné
  • Michael Freudenberg

Abstract

[ger] Binnenmarkt und Ausweitung des Handels Entgegen der klassischen Théorie des Welthandels erfolgte beim ersten Schub der europàischen Integration keine Ausweitung des Interbranchenhandels, der eine zunehmende Spezialisierung der Mitgliedslânder auf Produkte widerspiegelt, bei denen sie ùber einen komparativen Vorteil verfùgten. Dagegen spiegelt die Entwicklung des Intrabranchenhandels eher eine- Spezialisierung der Hersteller selbst als der einzelnen Lander wider. Hiervon betroffen war mehr der Kreuzhandel mit Produkten, die sich durch ihre Qualitàt, unterschieden, als der Kreuzhandel mit àhnlichen Produkten. Merkmal des innergemeinschaftlichen Handels ist somit der umfassende Kreuzhandel, bei dem der Handel mit , Qualitâtsprodukten einen breiten Raum einnimmt Dièse Mechanismen gingen bei alien vom Handel betroffenen* Erzeugnissenmit einer Spezialisierung der Mitgliedslânder auf eine bestimmte Qualitâtskategorien (untere, mittlere Qualitàtsklasse, Spitzenprodukte) einher. Im Hinblick auf dièse neue Arbeitsteilung innerhalb des* Binnenmarktes scheint Spanien und in geringerem MaBe Portugal seine Integration in den innergemeinschaftlichen Handel im Gegensatz zu Griechenland erfolgreich vollzogen zu haben. Die stârkere Integration der. Mitgliedslânder des harten Kerns (der ersten Mitglieder) ist auf einen intensiven bilateralen Intrabranchenhandel zurùckzufùhren. Merkmal der Lânder des Nordens ist, dalî die Spitzenprodukte bei ihren Ausfuhren einen bedeutenden Platz einnehmen; wodurch sie sich von den ; sûdlichen Lândern, die dagegen auf Erzeugnisse der unteren Qualitàtsklasse spezialisiert sind, unterscheiden. Wenn die Europàische Union insgesamt auf Produkte der - Spitzenklasse spezialisiert ist, so verdankt sie dièse Leistung lediglich einigen ihrer Mitglieder: in erster Unie Deutschland; und Frankreich, deren Spezialisierungsprofile fur dasjenige der gesamten. Gemeinschaft ausschlaggebend sind. [spa] Mercado ûnico y desarrollo de los intercambios Al contrario de la teorfa clâsica del comercio internacional, la primera ola de integraciôn europea no ha supuesto un desarrollo del comercio internacional segûn una mayor especializaciôn de los pafses miembros en aquellos. productos para los que tenian una ventaja comparativa. El desarrollo, en cambio, del comercio intrarama refleja mâs una especializaciôn de los mismos productores que de los diferentes paîses. Este se ha dado mâs en el caso del comercio cruzado de productos de calidades diferentes que en el caso del comercio cruzado de productos: similares.. Los intercambios intraeuropeos se caracterizan, entonces, por la importancia de un comercio cruzado que favorece a los intercambios de calidad. Estos mecanismos estân asociados con una especializaciôn de los paîses miembros en tal o cual gama de calidad (gama baja, media o alta), para cada producto afectado por los intercambios. Dentro de la perspectiva de esa nueva; division del trabajo en el Mercado ûnico, Esparïa y ew menor medida Portugal parecen haber llevado a cabo con éxito su integraciôn en los intercambios intracomunitarios, al contrario de Grecia. La integraciôn mâs fuerte de los paîses miembros del nûcleo duro (primeras miembros) descansa en unos intercambios bilatérales intrarama. intensos. Los paîses del Norte se definen por el lugar destacado de los productos de alta gama en sus exportaciones, y contrastan con los paîses del Sur especializados en la gama baja. Si en su globalidad, la Union europea se ha especializado en la alta gama, tan solo debe este resultado a unos pocos miembros, entre los cuales destacan Alemarïa y Francia cuyos perfiles de especializaciôn determinan el del conjunto europeo. [eng] The Single Market and the Development of Contrary to classic international trade theory, the first wave. of European integration has not developed inter-sector- trade derived from increased specialisation by member states in products in which they have a competitive edge. Intra-sector trade, on the other hand, has grown more as . a result of specialisation by the producers themselves than : by the different countries. This growth concerns more.- cross trade in products differentiated by their quality than -. cross trade in similar products. Intra-European trade therefore features a great deal of cross trade with a large proportion of quality trade. These mechanisms go hand in hand with member state specialisation in a given quality range (bottom of the range, middle of the range or top of the range) for each product traded. Spain and Portugal to a lesser extent Trade appear to have successfully, integrated into: intra-community trade from the point of view of this new division of labour in the single market. Greece, however, has not. The greater integration of hard core member states (original members) is based on intense bilateral intra-sector trade. The Northern countries have a large share of top-of-the-range products in their exports in' contrast with the Southern countries, which specialise in ' bottom-of-the-range products. Although the European Union on the whole specialises in top-of-the-range goods, this performance is due to just a ' few of its member states. Top of the list are Germany and France whose specialisation profiles determine the specialisation profile of Europe as a whole. [fre] Marché unique et développement des échanges Contrairement à la théorie classique du commerce international, la première vague d'intégration européenne ne s'est pas traduite par un développement du commerce inter-branche reflétant une spécialisation accrue des pays . membres dans des produits pour lesquels ils détenaient un avantage comparatif. En revanche, le développement du commerce intra-branche reflète davantage une spécialisation des producteurs eux-mêmes que des différents pays. Il a concerné davantage le commerce croisé de produits : différenciés par leur qualité que le commerce croisé de produits similaires. Ainsi les échanges intra-européens se caractérisent-ils ,; par l'importance d'un commerce croisé faisant une large place aux échanges de qualité. Ces mécanismes se sont accompagnés d'une spécialisation des pays membres; dans telle ou telle gamme de qualité (bas de gamme, gamme moyenne, haut de gamme), cela pour chaque- produit concerné par les échanges. Dans la perspective de cette nouvelle division du travail au sein du Marché unique, l'Espagne et dans une moindre mesure le Portugal; semblent avoir réussi leur intégration aux échanges intracommunautaires,' au contraire de la Grèce. L'intégration plus marquée des pays membres du noyau dur (membres . originels) repose sur des échanges bilatéraux intra-branche, intenses. Les pays du Nord se caractérisent par la place importante des produits haut de gamme dans leurs exportations, et contrastent ainsi avec les pays du Sud spécialisés au contraire dans le bas de gamme. Si dans sa globalité, l'Union européenne est spécialisée dans le haut de gamme, elle ne doit cette performance qu'à quelques-uns de ses membres au premier rang desquels l'Allemagne et la France dont les profils de spécialisation déterminent celui de l'ensemble européen. .

Suggested Citation

  • Lionel Fontagné & Michael Freudenberg, 1999. "Marché unique et développement des échanges," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 326(1), pages 31-52.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1999_num_326_1_6224
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1999.6224
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1999.6224
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Krugman, Paul, 1991. "Increasing Returns and Economic Geography," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 99(3), pages 483-499, June.
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    4. Frances Ruane & Holger Görg, 1997. "The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Sectoral Adjustment in the Irish Economy," National Institute Economic Review, National Institute of Economic and Social Research, vol. 160(1), pages 76-86, April.
    5. Greenaway, David & Hine, Robert C & Milner, Chris, 1995. "Vertical and Horizontal Intra-industry Trade: A Cross Industry Analysis for the United Kingdom," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 105(433), pages 1505-1518, November.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Jérôme Trotignon, 2002. "L'évolution du commerce extérieur de l'Argentine et du Brésil traduit-elle une convergence de leurs économies?," Revue Tiers Monde, Programme National Persée, vol. 43(170), pages 447-463.
    3. Marc-Alexandre Sénégas, 2010. "La théorie des zones monétaires optimales au regard de l'euro : Quels enseignements après dix années d'union économique et monétaire en Europe ?," Revue d'économie politique, Dalloz, vol. 120(2), pages 379-419.
    4. Dormard, Serge, 2004. "Economic development and regional disparities in France," Studies in Spatial Development: Chapters, in: Employment and regional development policy: Market efficiency versus policy intervention, pages 50-67, ARL – Akademie für Raumentwicklung in der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft.
    5. Mohamed Ben Abdallah & Zouheir Bouchaddakh, 2009. "On The Optimality of The Maghreb Area: An Analysis of The Macroeconomic Shocks," Working Papers 473, Economic Research Forum, revised Mar 2009.
    6. Hélène Erkel-Rousse & Françoise Le Gallo, 2002. "Compétitivités prix et qualité dans le commerce international : une analyse empirique des échanges de 12 pays de l’OCDE," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 152(1), pages 93-113.
    7. Agnès Bénassy-Quéré & Lionel Fontagné & Amina Lahrèche-Revil, 2000. "Foreign Direct Investment and the Prospects for Tax Co-Ordination in Europe," Working Papers 2000-06, CEPII research center.
    8. François Benaroya & Édouard Bourcieu & Marie-Laure Cheval, 2003. "Mondialisation des grands groupes : de nouveaux indicateurs ; suivi d'un commentaire de Marie-Laure Cheval," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 363(1), pages 145-166.

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