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La consommation sensible aux variations de revenu, même sur le court terme

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  • Stéfan Lollivier

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[fre] La consommation sensible aux variations de revenu, même sur le court terme Le schéma keynésien d'une élasticité unitaire de long terme entre consommation et revenu est confirmé par leur progression semblable de 1959 à 1994, d'un taux moyen de 3,6 % l'an. Mais, sur courte période, les évolutions ne - sont pas aussi parallèles. Ainsi, de 1 982 à 1 987, la consommation des ménages dépasse la stricte progression de - leur pouvoir d'achat. La situation s'inverse de 1986 à 1993. Le lien entre consommation et revenu demeure d'ailleurs controversé. Sur données individuelles, le modèle de référence met en scène un consommateur en univers intertemporel et marché financier parfait qui ne doit pas réagir aux évolutions de court terme de son revenu. Pourtant, de nombreuses estimations concluent à un rôle non négligeable du revenu courant. En 1994, l'élasticité de la consommation au revenu courant est de 0,6, élasticité obtenue sur coupe instantanée. Un suivi temporel de consommateurs sur quatre enquêtes successives (1979, 1984, 1989, 1994) montre un grand parallélisme entre consommation et revenu, ce qui contredit les prédictions du modèle de cycle de vie. Cependant, ces évolutions pourraient retracer surtout la variation de la taille des ménages avec le vieillissement. La correction de cette variabilité n'empêche pas le maintien d'un parallélisme, bien que moins net, entre consommation et revenu. Diverses variantes économétriques confirment les ordres de grandeur de l'analyse descriptive. L'élasticité de la- consommation au revenu paraît encore excessive au vu des modèles qui justifient la volonté des consommateurs r de lisser la consommation par rapport aux fluctuations du revenu courant. Ceci renforce la vision d'un consommateur certes prudent, enclin à épargner sur son revenu courant pour faire face aux aléas futurs, mais également impatient. [spa] El consumo sensible a las variaciones de El esquema keynesiano de una elasticidad unitaria de - largo plazo entre consumo y renta se confirma por su parecida progresiôn de 1959 a 1994 en un promedio anual del 3,6%. Pero, en un periodo corto, las evoluciones no son tan paralelas. Asî, de 1 982 a 1 987, el consumo de los hogares supera la estricta progresiôn de su poder adquisitivo. Se invierte esta situaciôn de 1986 a 1993. La relaciôn entre consumo y renta sigue siendo ademâs muy controvertida. Sobre datos individuales, el modelo de referencia représenta a un consumidor, en un universo intertemporal y un mercado financiero perfecto, quien no debe reaccionar a las evoluciones de corto plazo de su renta.- Sin embargo, muchas estimaciones Ilegan a la conclusion . de que la renta corriente tiene un papel relevante. En 1 994, la elasticidad del consumo respecto a la renta i corriente es de un 0,6 punto de elasticidad en un corte instantâneo. Una observaciôn de los consumidores renta, incluso a corto plazo dilatada en el tiempo con cuatro encuestas sucesivas (1979, 1984,' 1989/ 1994) muestra un fuerte paralelismo entre consumo y renta, lo cual contradice las predicciones del modelo de ciclo de vida. Estas evoluciones si podrîan - trazar sin embargo la variaciôn del tamarïo de los hogares relacionada con el envejecimiento. La correcciôn de esta variabilidad no impide que se mantenga un paralelismo, pero menos patente, entre consumo y renta. Diversas variantes econométricas confirman las evaluaciones del anâlisis descriptivo. La elasticidad del consumo respecto a la renta parece algo excesiva segûn aquellos modelos que justifican la voluntad de los consumidores de alisar el consumo respecto a las fluctuaciones de la renta corriente. Esto confirma la imagen de un consumidor prudente y dispuesto a ahorrar sobre su renta corriente para afrontar las fluctuaciones venideras, pero también impaciente. [eng] Consumption Is Sensitive to Income Variations, Even in the Short Run Keynesian long-run unit elasticity of consumption to income is confirmed by the similar growth of the two- factors from 1959 to 1994, at an average rate of 3.6% per year. However, the trends are not so similar over a short period: From 1982 to 1987, household consumption overtook the strict growth in household purchasing power. The situation reversed from 1986 to 1993.: Moreover, the link between consumption and income is still controversial. The reference model uses individuals data to present a consumer in an intertemporal universe and a perfect financial market who may not react to short-run changes in his income. However, many estimates find that current income plays a non-negligible role. In 1994, the elasticity of consumption to current income was 0.6. This elasticity was obtained for cross-sectional data. Tracking consumers over four successive surveys (1979, 1984, 1989 and 1994) reveals a close parallel between consumption and income, which contradicts the predictions of the life cycle model. However, these changes might relate more especially to the variation in household size with ageing. Correcting this variability does not prevent the continued parallel, albeit less distinct, between consumption and income. Different econometric variants confirm the rough estimates given by the descriptive analysis. The income elasticity of consumption still seems excessive given the models that prove the will of consumers to smooth consumption in relation to current income fluctuations. This reinforces the picture of consumers as being cautious, since they are inclined to save out of their current income to face future ups and downs, but also as being impatient. [ger] Der Konsum reagiert selbst kurzfristig auf Einkommensschwankungen Das keynesianische Modell einer langfristigen einheitlichen Elastizitât zwischen Konsum und Einkommen wird durch deren vergleichbaren Anstieg zwischen 1959 und 1994 mit einem durchschnittlichen Satz von jàhrlich 3,6% bestàtigt. Innerhalb eines kurzen Zeitraums verlaufen die Entwicklungen allerdings nicht so parallel. Zwischen 1982 und 1987 liegt der Anstieg des Privatverbrauchs lediglich ùberdem ihrer Kaufkraft. In den Jahren 1986 bis 1993 kehrte sich die Situation urn. Welche Beziehung zwischen Konsum und Einkommen besteht, ist allerdings nach wie vor umstritten. Anhand individueller Daten zeigt das Bezugsmodell einen Verbraucher in einem intertemporalen Umfeld und bei einem vollkommenen Kapitalmarkt auf, der auf die kurzfristigen Entwicklungen seines Einkommens nicht reagieren darf. Zahlreiche Schâtzungen legen aber den SchluB nahe, daf3 das kurzfristige Einkommen eine nicht zu vernachlàssigende Rolle spielt. 1 994 betrug die Einkommenselastizitàt des Konsums 0,6, die man anhand einer Momentaufnahme erhàlt. Eine zeitliche Verfolgung des Verhaltens der Verbraucher im Laufe von vier aufeinanderfolgenden Erhebungen (1979, 1984, 1989, 1994) verdeutlicht eine groBe Parallelitàt zwischen Konsum und Einkommen, was die Voraussagen des Lebenszyklusmodells widerlegt. Diese Entwicklungen kônnten allerdings vor allem die Schwankung der HaushaltsgrôBe im Gefolge der Alterung widerspiegeln. Die Korrektur dieser Variabilitàt steht allerdings der Aufrechterhaltung einer Parallelitàt zwischen Konsum und Einkommen, selbst wenn sie weniger ausgepràgt ist, nicht entgegen. Verschiedene ôkonometrische Varianten bestâtigen die GrôBenordnungen der deskriptiven Analyse. Die Einkommenselastizitàt des Konsums scheint im Hinblick auf die Modelle, die das Bestreben der Verbraucher, den Konsum im Verhâltnis zu den Schwankungen des laufenden Einkommens zu glâtten, rechtfertigen, noch ùberzogen zu sein. Dies bekrâftigt die Vorstellung eines gewiB umsichtigen Verbrauchers, der zwar einen Teil seines laufenden Einkommens sparen môchte, um Vorsorge fur kùnftige Unwagbarkeiten zu treffen, der aber auch ungeduldig ist.

Suggested Citation

  • Stéfan Lollivier, 1999. "La consommation sensible aux variations de revenu, même sur le court terme," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 324(1), pages 181-193.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1999_num_324_1_6218
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1999.6218
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1999.6218
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Marceline Bodier, 1999. "Les effets d'âge et de génération sur le niveau et la structure de la consommation," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 324(1), pages 163-180.

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