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La privatisation en Pologne : d'une approche plurielle aux difficultés de la privatisation de masse

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  • Jean-François Nivet

Abstract

[eng] Privatization in Poland: From a Plural Approach to Problems of Mass Privatization . The share of the private sector in Poland's GDP passed the 50% mark in 1993. This increase is due first and foremost to a dynamic private initiative in the form of the sudden creation of new companies. The successful transfer of businesses to private individuals rounded out this trend to make the economy's least capital-intensive sectors those in which private ownership represented itself the best. However, the progress made in the industrial sector is lesser and below the initial goals in spite of the wide range of methods defined in the privatization law of July 1990. The liquidation of State-owned companies' assets has enabled management buyouts of small and medium-sized enterprises. Yet the selling off of larger companies has been hampered by problems, lower national savings and reticence from foreign investors. . Poland, in common with most of the countries in transition, has also defined a mass privatization programme based on the virtually free distribution of shares to the population. This plan is distinct in that it aims to set up intermediaries to restructure the companies and fair equity for the citizens. Yet although this was drawn up in 1 991 and passed in April 1 993, it is still in the preliminary stages of implementation. [fre] La privatisation en Pologne : d'une approche plurielle aux difficultés de la privatisation de masse . La part du secteur privé dans le PIB polonais a franchi depuis 1 993 le seuil des 50 %. Cette progression provient en premier lieu du dynamisme de l'initiative privée qui s'est manifestée par la création ex nihilo de nouvelles entreprises. Le succès du transfert des commerces à des personnes privées est venu compléter ce mouvement pour faire des secteurs les moins capitalistiques de l'économie le segment où la propriété privée s'exprime le mieux. Cependant, les progrès réalisés dans le secteur industriel sont moindres et en deçà des objectifs initiaux, malgré la diversité des méthodes définies dans la loi de privatisation de juillet 1990. La liquidation des actifs des firmes d'État a permis la reprise de petites et moyennes entreprises par leurs employés. Mais les difficultés d'évaluation, le . tant réduit de l'épargne nationale et la timidité des investisseurs étrangers ont handicapé la privatisation par vente des entreprises de plus grande taille. . Aussi la Pologne, comme la plupart des pays en transition, a défini un programme de privatisation de masse fondé sur la distribution quasi gratuite des actions à la population. La spécificité de ce plan tient au fait qu'il doit assurer, grâce à la constitution d'intermédiaires spécialisés, la restructuration des entreprises et une participation équitable des citoyens. Mais bien que préparé depuis 1991 et voté en avril 1993, il n'en est encore qu'aux étapes liminaires de réalisation. [spa] La privatizaciôn en Polonia : desde un acercamiento plural hasta las dificultades de la privatizaciôn masiva . La cuota del sector privado en el PIB polaco ha superado del ahorro nacional y la timidez de los inversores desde 1993 los 50%. Esta progresiôn procède ante todo extranjeras han imposibilitado la privatizaciôn por venta del dinamismo de la iniciativa privada que se senalô por de las empresas de mayor tamarïo. . la creaciôn ex nihilo de unas nuevas empresas. El éxito de la transferencia de las tiendas a las personas privadas ha completado esta tendencia contribuyendo a que unos sectores entre los menos capital îsticos de la economîa Ileguen a ser un segmento en el que la propiedad privada mejor se expresa. Con todo, los adelantos realizados en el sector industrial son menores y muy por debajo de los . objetivos iniciales, pesé a la diversidad de los métodos def inidos en la ley de privatizaciôn de julio de 1 990. La venta de los activos de las firmas estatales permitiô la compra de pequerïas y medianas empresas por sus empleados. Pero la dificultad de evaluaciôn, la debilidad Asî Polonia, como la mayoria de los paises en transite definiô un programa de privatizaciôn masiva basado en el reparto casi gratuito de las acciones a la poblaciôn. La especificidad de este programa radica en que debe garantizar, por medio de la constituciôn de unos intermediaries especializados, la restructuraciôn de las empresas y una participaciôn equitativa de las ciudadanos. Pero aunque fue elaborado en 1 991 y votado en abril de 1993, este sigue aûn en las etapas liminares de su realizaciôn. [ger] Die Privatisierung in Polen: von einem mehrfachen Ansatz zu den Schwierigkeiten der Massenprivatisierung . Der Anteil des Privatsektors am polnischen BIP hat seit 1 993 die 50%-Marke ùberschritten. Dieser Anstieg ist in erster Linie auf die Dynamik der Privatinitiative zurùck- zufùhren, die durch die Ex-n//7//o-Grùndung neuer Untemehmen entstand. Der erfolgreiche Ùbergang von Geschàften auf Privatpersonen ergànzte diesen ProzeB und machte aus den am wenigsten kapitalintensiven Sektoren der Volkswirtschaft das Segment, in dem das Privateigentum am besten seinen Niederschlag findet. Die Fortschritte im Industriesektor sind jedoch geringer und bleiben trotz der Vielfalt der im Privatisierungsgesetz vom Juli 1990 definierten Verfahren unter den ursprùnglichen Zielsetzungen. Die Abwicklung der Vermôgenswerte der Staatsbetriebe ermôghchte die Ûbernahme von Klein- und Mittelbetrieben durch ihre Angestellten. Die schwierige . Bewertung, das geringe Sparvolumen des Landes und die Zurûckhaltung der auslandischen Investoren erwiesen sich jedoch als Hindemis fur die Privatisierung durch den Verkauf grôBerer Untemehmen. . Wie die meisten Reformlânder hat auch Polen ein Programm zur Massenprivatisierung eingeleitet, das sich auf die nahezu unentgeltliche Verteilung von Aktien an die Bevôlkerung stùtzt. Die Besonderheit dieses Plans besteht darin, daB er mit Hilfe von spezialisierten Interme- diàren die Restrukturierung der Untemehmen und eine gerechte Beteiligung der Burger sicherstellen soil. Obwohl dieser Plan bereits seit 1991 fertiggestellt ist und im April 1 993 durch das Parlament verabschiedet wurde, befindet sich seine Umsetzung immer noch im Anfangsstadium.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-François Nivet, 1994. "La privatisation en Pologne : d'une approche plurielle aux difficultés de la privatisation de masse," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 279(1), pages 121-133.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1994_num_279_1_5920
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1994.5920
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1994.5920
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Laffont, Jean-Jacques & Tirole, Jean, 1991. "Privatization and Incentives," The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Oxford University Press, vol. 7(0), pages 84-105, Special I.
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    6. Wladimir Andreff, 1993. "La crise des économies socialistes: la rupture d'un système," Post-Print halshs-00275227, HAL.
    7. Jean Tirole, 1991. "Privatization in Eastern Europe: Incentives and the Economics of Transition," NBER Chapters, in: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1991, Volume 6, pages 221-268, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    8. David Lipton & Jeffrey Sachs, 1990. "Privitization in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 21(2), pages 293-342.
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    10. Olivier Bouin & Jean-François Nivet, 1994. "Privatisation et marchés boursiers émergents : les expériences polonaise et tchèque," Revue d'Économie Financière, Programme National Persée, vol. 29(2), pages 147-159.
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    1. Philippe Rusin, 2007. "Pologne « libérale » versus Pologne « solidaire »," Post-Print halshs-01159197, HAL.
    2. Jean-François Nivet, 1997. "Comportement des employés et restructuration des entreprises d'Etat en Europe centrale," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 48(1), pages 75-91.

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