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Novel Configuration of Formulary Apportionment Using the Correlated Random Effect Approach

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  • Markéta Mlčúchová

Abstract

This paper examines various configurations of the formula under the formulary apportionment methodology from the perspective of the explanatory power of the variability in profitability of multinational companies with the aim to identify the best-performing formula based on analytical evidence of panel microeconomic data. The considered configurations of the formula are based on the novel composition of the allocation formula indicated under the BEFIT proposal, preceding the CCCTB proposal, and traditionally used formulas, at the sub-national level, in Canada and the United States. The empirical analysis uses microeconomic panel data obtained from the Orbis database for 77,087 subsidiaries affiliated with 2,283 parent companies observed from 2011 to 2020. Utilising the correlated random effect approach, accounting for time-specific effects, including the time-constant explanatory variables such as economic activity, classified by NACE codes and the EU Member States' jurisdiction, this paper devises a novel formula configuration. Besides a novel configuration of the apportionment formula, consisting of sales, costs of employees, tangible and intangible assets, this paper estimates proportional weights of apportionment factors and concludes with policy recommendations.

Suggested Citation

  • Markéta Mlčúchová, 2024. "Novel Configuration of Formulary Apportionment Using the Correlated Random Effect Approach," Politická ekonomie, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2024(1), pages 73-101.
    • Handle: RePEc:prg:jnlpol:v:2024:y:2024:i:1:id:1411:p:73-101
    DOI: 10.18267/j.polek.1411
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    1. Douglas Shackelford & Joel Slemrod, 1998. "The Revenue Consequences of Using Formula Apportionment to Calculate U.S. and Foreign-Source Income: A Firm-Level Analysis," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 5(1), pages 41-59, February.
    2. Altshuler, Rosanne & Grubert, Harry, 2010. "Formula Apportionment: Is It Better Than the Current System and Are There Better Alternatives?," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 63(4), pages 1145-1184, December.
    3. Annelies Roggeman & Isabelle Verleyen & Philippe Van Cauwenberge & Carine Coppens, 2013. "The EU apportionment formula: insights from a business case," Journal of Business Economics and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(2), pages 235-251, April.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Corporate taxation; formulary apportionment; correlated random effect;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • H25 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Business Taxes and Subsidies
    • K34 - Law and Economics - - Other Substantive Areas of Law - - - Tax Law

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