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Competition law in the age of AI: Confronting algorithmic collusion in the smart economy

Author

Listed:
  • Chen LI

    (PhD in Law, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Centre of Latin American and CaribbeanStudies, Mianyang, China)

  • Ina VIRTOSU

    (PhD in EU Law, University of Macau, SAR Macau, China)

Abstract

AI-driven pricing has become vital in the smart economy, boosted by advancements in IoT, AI, and big data. While robots and AI systems enhance efficiency and drive innovation across digital commerce platforms, they also raise competition law concerns. Algorithmic collusion is a prime example, as autonomous algorithms can independently coordinate market behaviour, challenging traditional liability frameworks. Though competition laws in regions like the EU, US, and China generally prohibit algorithmic collusion, the complex structures of these algorithms make it difficult to pinpoint responsible parties and assign liability accurately. This paper explores these complexities and examines algorithmic collusion's implications for liability attribution through a comparative lens. While EU case law provides some regulatory guidance, it often falls short in addressing the unique nature of algorithmic collusion. China’s approach is more restrictive, at times overlooking the autonomy of advanced AI systems. Given its distinct characteristics, algorithmic collusion requires a regulatory approach that differs from traditional collusion, particularly regarding liability. Additionally, this paper argues for the potential special liability of AI designers, who, given their expertise and control over AI, may need to adhere to higher ethical standards. These considerations suggest a need for regulation that both safeguards fair competition and fosters innovation in the evolving digital economy.

Suggested Citation

  • Chen LI & Ina VIRTOSU, 2025. "Competition law in the age of AI: Confronting algorithmic collusion in the smart economy," Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Journal, Smart-EDU Hub, Faculty of Public Administration, National University of Political Studies & Public Administration, vol. 9(2), pages 41-54, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:pop:journl:v:9:y:2025:i:1:p:41-54
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.25019/qnjgmk44
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ina VIRTOSU & Chen LI, 2024. "Smart life and sustainable development: a comparative analysis on energy and water efficiency in China and the EU," Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Journal, Smart-EDU Hub, Faculty of Public Administration, National University of Political Studies & Public Administration, vol. 8(3), pages 19-40, April.
    2. Ina Virtosu & Chen Li, 2023. "Algorithms weighing lives and freedoms: The case of China’s health code," Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Journal, Smart-EDU Hub, Faculty of Public Administration, National University of Political Studies & Public Administration, vol. 7(1), pages 99-125, March.
    3. Gautier, Axel & Ittoo, Ashwin & Van Cleynenbreugel, Pieter, 2020. "AI algorithms, price discrimination and collusion: a technological, economic and legal perspective," LIDAM Reprints CORE 3138, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
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