IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pone00/0264137.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Association between living in municipalities with high crowding conditions and poverty and mortality from COVID-19 in Mexico

Author

Listed:
  • Viridiana Ríos
  • Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez
  • Simón Barquera

Abstract

Background: The World Health Organization stated a pandemic by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-Cov2 (COVID-19) on March, 2020 with devastating implications for populations, healthcare systems, and economies globally. Objective: The present study explores the association between patients living in municipalities with crowding conditions and poverty and mortality from COVID-19 in Mexico; specifically evaluating the socioeconomic characteristics of the municipality in which the patients reside and some individual characteristics. Methods: In the present study, we examined public information collected from the National Epidemiological Surveillance System informing all persons tested for SARS-CoV-2 and published by the Ministry of Health. The present analysis was restricted to those with the date of registration to October 12, 2021. The association between the main exposures (overcrowded conditions and poverty) and the outcomes of interest (death by COVID-19) was explored using Cox proportional hazard regression models, including frailty penalties to accommodate multilevel data and random effects for the municipality of case occurrence. Results: A total of 9619917 subjects were included in the Epidemiological Surveillance System for viral respiratory disease platform. Of those for which results were available, 6141403 were negative for COVID-19 and 3478514 were positive for COVID-19; with a total of 273216 deaths in those who tested positive. Among those positive to COVID-19 mean age was 46.9. Patients living in municipalities with high rates of crowding conditions increased the risk of dying from COVID-19 by 8% (95% CI: 1.03, 1.14). Individuals living in municipalities with indigenous background was associated with an increased risk of dying from COVID-19 (HR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.17). Individuals living in municipalities with illiteracy (HR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.11), poverty (HR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.19), food insecurity (HR = 1.094; 95% CI 1.02, 1.06), limited access to social security (HR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.13) and health services (HR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.08) had a higher risk of mortality from COVID-19. Conclusion: Our data suggest that patients living in municipalities with higher rates of crowding conditions and higher rates of poverty had elevated risk of mortality from COVID-19. In Mexico, the COVID-19 pandemic is a systemic crisis linked to human development since we have seen that it affects less developed and more vulnerable municipalities. Policies to reduce vulnerabilities and develop strategies to deal with health crises like the current one needs to be considered.

Suggested Citation

  • Viridiana Ríos & Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez & Simón Barquera, 2022. "Association between living in municipalities with high crowding conditions and poverty and mortality from COVID-19 in Mexico," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(2), pages 1-15, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0264137
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264137
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0264137
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0264137&type=printable
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1371/journal.pone.0264137?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Waitzkin, H. & Iriart, C. & Estrada, A. & Lamadrid, S., 2001. "Social medicine then and now: Lessons from Latin America," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 91(10), pages 1592-1601.
    2. Peter C. Austin, 2017. "A Tutorial on Multilevel Survival Analysis: Methods, Models and Applications," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 85(2), pages 185-203, August.
    3. Rebecca K Fielding-Miller & Maria E Sundaram & Kimberly Brouwer, 2020. "Social determinants of COVID-19 mortality at the county level," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(10), pages 1-11, October.
    4. Juan Pablo Gutierrez & Stefano M Bertozzi, 2020. "Non-communicable diseases and inequalities increase risk of death among COVID-19 patients in Mexico," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(10), pages 1-11, October.
    5. Caitlin S. Brown & Martin Ravallion, 2020. "Inequality and the Coronavirus: Socioeconomic Covariates of Behavioral Responses and Viral Outcomes Across US Counties," NBER Working Papers 27549, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hakan Yilmazkuday, 2022. "Nonlinear effects of mobility on COVID-19 in the US: targeted lockdowns based on income and poverty," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 50(1), pages 18-36, April.
    2. Brandily, Paul & Brébion, Clément & Briole, Simon & Khoury, Laura, 2021. "A poorly understood disease? The impact of COVID-19 on the income gradient in mortality over the course of the pandemic," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    3. Basu Parantap & Bell Clive & Edwards Terence Huw, 2022. "COVID Social Distancing and the Poor: An Analysis of the Evidence for England," The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, vol. 22(1), pages 211-240, January.
    4. Iftikhar Ahmad & Izlin Ismail & Shahrin Saaid Shaharuddin, 2021. "Predictive Role of Ex Ante Strategic Firm Characteristics for Sustainable Initial Public Offering (IPO) Survival," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-26, July.
    5. Chenarides, Lauren & Richards, Timothy & Rickard, Bradley, 2021. "COVID-19 Impact on Fruit and Vegetable Markets: One Year Later," Working Papers 309965, Cornell University, Department of Applied Economics and Management.
    6. Jan-Emmanuel De Neve & Daisy Fancourt & Christian Krekel & Sarah Swanke, 2020. "Are happier people more compliant? Global evidence from three large-scale surveys during Covid-19 lockdowns," CEP Occasional Papers 54, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
    7. Bazzi, Samuel & Fiszbein, Martin & Gebresilasse, Mesay, 2021. "“Rugged individualism” and collective (in)action during the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    8. Lee, Haena & Andrasfay, Theresa & Riley, Alicia & Wu, Qiao & Crimmins, Eileen, 2022. "Do social determinants of health explain racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 infection?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 306(C).
    9. González-Mares, Mariana Odemaris & Aradillas-García, Celia & Márquez-Mireles, Leonardo Ernesto & Monsiváis-Nava, Claudia Davinia & Bernal-Medina, Jesús Eduardo & Vargas-Morales, Juan Manuel & Portales, 2022. "Implementation and evaluation of an educational intervention to prevent risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases in Mexican families of suburban communities," Evaluation and Program Planning, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    10. Belval, Erin J. & Bayham, Jude & Magstadt, Shayne, 2024. "Retention of highly qualified wildland firefighters in the Western United States," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    11. Lee, Hyoungjin & Chung, Chris Changwha & Beamish, Paul W., 2019. "Configurational characteristics of mandate portfolios and their impact on foreign subsidiary survival," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 54(5), pages 1-1.
    12. Yunmi Kim & Hyun-Young Kim, 2021. "Retention Rates and the Associated Risk Factors of Turnover among Newly Hired Nurses at South Korean Hospitals: A Retrospective Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-14, September.
    13. Brei, Michael & Ferri, Giovanni & Gambacorta, Leonardo, 2023. "Financial structure and income inequality," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    14. Lucinda Cash-Gibson & Diego F Rojas-Gualdrón & Juan M Pericàs & Joan Benach, 2018. "Inequalities in global health inequalities research: A 50-year bibliometric analysis (1966-2015)," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(1), pages 1-22, January.
    15. Sergi Basco & Jordi Domènech & Joan R. Rosés, 2022. "Unequal Mortality During the Spanish Flu," Palgrave Studies in Economic History, in: Pandemics, Economics and Inequality, chapter 0, pages 33-50, Palgrave Macmillan.
    16. Ana Basto-Abreu & Martha Carnalla & Leticia Torres-Ibarra & Martín Romero-Martínez & Jesús Martínez-Barnetche & Irma López-Martínez & Rodrigo Aparicio-Antonio & Teresa Shamah-Levy & Celia Alpuche-Aran, 2022. "Nationally representative SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence estimates after the first epidemic wave in Mexico," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-8, December.
    17. Monroy-Gómez-Franco, Luis & Vélez-Grajales, Roberto & López-Calva, Luis F., 2022. "The potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on learnings," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    18. Jung, Juergen & Manley, James & Shrestha, Vinish, 2021. "Coronavirus infections and deaths by poverty status: The effects of social distancing," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 311-330.
    19. Kehr, Janina & Muinde, Jacinta Victoria Syombua & Prince, Ruth J., 2023. "Health for all? Pasts, presents and futures of aspirations for universal healthcare," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 319(C).
    20. Bação, Pedro & Duarte, Joshua & Simões, Marta, 2024. "Social expenditure composition, inequality and growth in the OECD: Labour market policies are most effective," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 75-89.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0264137. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: plosone (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.