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Risk factors and protective factors of depression in older people 65+. A systematic review

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  • Alexander Maier
  • Steffi G Riedel-Heller
  • Alexander Pabst
  • Melanie Luppa

Abstract

Objectives: Identifying risk factors of depression can provide a better understanding of the disorder in older people. However, to minimize bias due to the influence of confounders and to detect reverse influence, a focus on longitudinal studies using multivariate analysis is required. Design: A systematic literature search was conducted by searching the databases MEDLINE, Cochrane, PsycINFO and Web of Science for all relevant articles published from January 2000 to the end of March 2020. The following inclusion criteria were used: prospective design, nationally or regionally representative sample, published in English or German, analyzed risk factors for depression of individuals 65+ identified by multivariate analysis, and provided validity of diagnostic instrument. All results of multivariate analysis were reported and summarized. Results: Thirty articles were identified. Heterogeneous results were found for education, female gender, self-rated health, cognitive impairment and older age, although significant in several studies. Findings hinted at a protective quality of physical activity. In terms of physical health, chronic disease and difficulty initiating sleep homogeneously increased risk of depression. Mobility impairment resulted as a risk factor in three studies. IADL impairment and vision impairment were mostly identified as significant risk factors. Alcohol consumption and smoking behavior yielded heterogenous results. Psychosocial factors were assessed similarly in multiple studies and yielded heterogenous results. Limitations: Research was limited to articles published in English or German. Length of follow up was not considered for the presentation of results. Adjustments for and inclusion of different variables in the studies may distort results. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate the necessity of refined, more comparable assessment tools for evaluating potential risk factors.

Suggested Citation

  • Alexander Maier & Steffi G Riedel-Heller & Alexander Pabst & Melanie Luppa, 2021. "Risk factors and protective factors of depression in older people 65+. A systematic review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(5), pages 1-38, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0251326
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251326
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    Cited by:

    1. Janine Quittschalle & Alexander Pabst & Margrit Löbner & Melanie Luppa & Kathrin Heser & Michael Wagner & Hendrik van den Bussche & André Hajek & Hans-Helmut König & Birgitt Wiese & Matthias C. Angerm, 2021. "Association of Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption with Depression Severity in the Oldest Old. Results from the Age Different Old Age Cohort Platform," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-14, July.
    2. Heejung Choi & Jaelan Shim, 2022. "Predictors of Depression among Individuals Receiving the Basic Livelihood Security Program Benefits in Korea: A Study Based on the Sixth and Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Sur," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-11, December.
    3. Sandra Silva & Ana Bártolo & Isabel M. Santos & Anabela Pereira & Sara Monteiro, 2022. "Towards a Better Understanding of the Factors Associated with Distress in Elderly Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-19, March.
    4. Gianluca Ciuffreda & Sara Cabanillas-Barea & Andoni Carrasco-Uribarren & María Isabel Albarova-Corral & María Irache Argüello-Espinosa & Yolanda Marcén-Román, 2021. "Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety in Adults ≥60 Years Old during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-17, November.

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