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Sensory-specific impairment among older people. An investigation using both sensory thresholds and subjective measures across the five senses

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  • Annachiara Cavazzana
  • Anja Röhrborn
  • Susan Garthus-Niegel
  • Maria Larsson
  • Thomas Hummel
  • Ilona Croy

Abstract

Age-related sensory impairment is a slow and gradual progress, which affects multiple modalities. Two contradictory hypotheses exist about the age-related decline of sensory thresholds. The common factor theory assumes one underlying factor—which accounts for the loss of several sensory modalities simultaneously—and the specific factor theory predicts that the sensory decline is uncorrelated between different modalities. In this study, we aimed to explore whether (i) there is a common factor of sensory thresholds in older people, (ii) older people assume that sensory decline in one modality also affects other modalities, (iii) there is a relation between sensory threshold and the subjective assessment of sensory function. This was accomplished by collecting both threshold measures and self-reported ratings for smell, hearing, taste, vision, and touch function in a group of 104 older people (mean age: 67.2 years; SD: 9.85; range: 50–100 years). Results indicated that there was no common factor of sensory thresholds, hence an impairment in one modality did not necessarily imply a shortfall in other modalities. In contrast, our results suggested one or two common factor(s) for the participants’ ratings. Participants who reported a diminished function in one sense tended to generalize this rating to the other senses as well. The correspondence between subjective ratings and sensory thresholds was relatively good for vision and audition, although no correlations were observed for the other domains. These findings have implications for clinicians, suggesting that subjective measures should be combined with sensory threshold measurements when evaluating sensory dysfunction. Also, these data convey a positive message for older people and their physicians by showing that loss in one sensory modality does not necessarily generalize to losses across all sensory modalities.

Suggested Citation

  • Annachiara Cavazzana & Anja Röhrborn & Susan Garthus-Niegel & Maria Larsson & Thomas Hummel & Ilona Croy, 2018. "Sensory-specific impairment among older people. An investigation using both sensory thresholds and subjective measures across the five senses," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(8), pages 1-15, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0202969
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202969
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. David W. Kern & Kristen E. Wroblewski & L. Philip Schumm & Jayant M. Pinto & Rachel C. Chen & Martha K. McClintock, 2014. "Olfactory Function in Wave 2 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 69(Suppl_2), pages 134-143.
    2. Jayant M. Pinto & David W. Kern & Kristen E. Wroblewski & Rachel C. Chen & L. Philip Schumm & Martha K. McClintock, 2014. "Sensory Function: Insights From Wave 2 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 69(Suppl_2), pages 144-153.
    3. Caban, A.J. & Lee, D.J. & Gómez-Marìn, O. & Lam, B.L. & Zheng, D.D., 2005. "Prevalence of concurrent hearing and visual impairment in US adults: The National Health Interview Survey, 1997-2002," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 95(11), pages 1940-1942.
    4. Adena M. Galinsky & Martha K. McClintock & Linda J. Waite, 2014. "Sexuality and Physical Contact in National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project Wave 2," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 69(Suppl_2), pages 83-98.
    5. Crews, J.E. & Campbell, V.A., 2004. "Vision Impairment and Hearing Loss among Community-Dwelling Older Americans: Implications for Health and Functioning," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 94(5), pages 823-829.
    6. Mohsen Bazargan & Richard S. Baker & Shahrzad H. Bazargan, 2001. "Sensory Impairments and Subjective Well-Being Among Aged African American Persons," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 56(5), pages 268-278.
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    1. Charmaine Childs & Jennifer Elliott & Khaled Khatab & Susan Hampshaw & Sally Fowler-Davis & Jon R. Willmott & Ali Ali, 2020. "Thermal Sensation in Older People with and without Dementia Living in Residential Care: New Assessment Approaches to Thermal Comfort Using Infrared Thermography," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-22, September.

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