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Estimating Indoor PM2.5 and CO Concentrations in Households in Southern Nepal: The Nepal Cookstove Intervention Trials

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  • Chen Chen
  • Scott Zeger
  • Patrick Breysse
  • Joanne Katz
  • William Checkley
  • Frank C Curriero
  • James M Tielsch

Abstract

High concentrations of household air pollution (HAP) due to biomass fuel usage with unvented, insufficient combustion devices are thought to be an important health risk factor in South Asia population. To better characterize the indoor concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO), and to understand their impact on health in rural southern Nepal, this study analyzed daily monitoring data collected with DataRAM pDR-1000 and LASCAR CO data logger in 2980 households using traditional biomass cookstove indoor through the Nepal Cookstove Intervention Trial–Phase I between March 2010 and October 2011. Daily average PM2.5 and CO concentrations collected in area near stove were 1,376 (95% CI, 1,331–1,423) μg/m3 and 10.9 (10.5–11.3) parts per million (ppm) among households with traditional cookstoves. The 95th percentile, hours above 100μg/m3 for PM2.5 or 6ppm for CO, and hours above 1000μg/m3 for PM2.5 or 9ppm for CO were also reported. An algorithm was developed to differentiate stove-influenced (SI) periods from non-stove-influenced (non-SI) periods in monitoring data. Average stove-influenced concentrations were 3,469 (3,350–3,588) μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 21.8 (21.1–22.6) ppm for CO. Dry season significantly increased PM2.5 concentration in all metrics; wood was the cleanest fuel for PM2.5 and CO, while adding dung into the fuel increased concentrations of both pollutants. For studies in rural southern Nepal, CO concentration is not a viable surrogate for PM2.5 concentrations based on the low correlation between these measures. In sum, this study filled a gap in knowledge on HAP in rural Nepal using traditional cookstoves and revealed very high concentrations in these households.

Suggested Citation

  • Chen Chen & Scott Zeger & Patrick Breysse & Joanne Katz & William Checkley & Frank C Curriero & James M Tielsch, 2016. "Estimating Indoor PM2.5 and CO Concentrations in Households in Southern Nepal: The Nepal Cookstove Intervention Trials," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(7), pages 1-17, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0157984
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157984
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Global Energy Assessment Writing Team,, 2012. "Global Energy Assessment," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9781107005198, January.
    2. Global Energy Assessment Writing Team,, 2012. "Global Energy Assessment," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521182935, January.
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    1. LaFave, Daniel & Beyene, Abebe Damte & Bluffstone, Randall & Dissanayake, Sahan T.M. & Gebreegziabher, Zenebe & Mekonnen, Alemu & Toman, Michael, 2021. "Impacts of improved biomass cookstoves on child and adult health: Experimental evidence from rural Ethiopia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    2. Shamiso Muteti-Fana & Jafta Nkosana & Rajen N. Naidoo, 2023. "Kitchen Characteristics and Practices Associated with Increased PM 2.5 Concentration Levels in Zimbabwean Rural Households," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-13, May.
    3. Sagar Adhikari & Parth Sarathi Mahapatra & Chiranjibi Prasad Pokheral & Siva Praveen Puppala, 2020. "Cookstove Smoke Impact on Ambient Air Quality and Probable Consequences for Human Health in Rural Locations of Southern Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-21, January.
    4. Nihit Goyal & David Canning, 2017. "Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Air Pollution in Utero as a Risk Factor for Child Stunting in Bangladesh," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-12, December.
    5. Delan Devakumar & Zeshan Qureshi & Jenevieve Mannell & Manju Baruwal & Neha Sharma & Eva Rehfuess & Naomi M. Saville & Dharma S. Manandhar & David Osrin, 2018. "Women’s Ideas about the Health Effects of Household Air Pollution, Developed through Focus Group Discussions and Artwork in Southern Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-13, February.

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