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Source Evaluation and Trace Metal Contamination in Benthic Sediments from Equatorial Ecosystems Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques

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  • Nsikak U Benson
  • Francis E Asuquo
  • Akan B Williams
  • Joseph P Essien
  • Cyril I Ekong
  • Otobong Akpabio
  • Abaas A Olajire

Abstract

Trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb) concentrations in benthic sediments were analyzed through multi-step fractionation scheme to assess the levels and sources of contamination in estuarine, riverine and freshwater ecosystems in Niger Delta (Nigeria). The degree of contamination was assessed using the individual contamination factors (ICF) and global contamination factor (GCF). Multivariate statistical approaches including principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis and correlation test were employed to evaluate the interrelationships and associated sources of contamination. The spatial distribution of metal concentrations followed the pattern Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd>Ni. Ecological risk index by ICF showed significant potential mobility and bioavailability for Cu, Cu and Ni. The ICF contamination trend in the benthic sediments at all studied sites was Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd>Pb. The principal component and agglomerative clustering analyses indicate that trace metals contamination in the ecosystems was influenced by multiple pollution sources.

Suggested Citation

  • Nsikak U Benson & Francis E Asuquo & Akan B Williams & Joseph P Essien & Cyril I Ekong & Otobong Akpabio & Abaas A Olajire, 2016. "Source Evaluation and Trace Metal Contamination in Benthic Sediments from Equatorial Ecosystems Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(6), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0156485
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156485
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Nsikak U. Benson & Usoro M. Etesin, 2008. "Metal contamination of surface water, sediment and Tympanotonus fuscatus var. radula of Iko River and environmental impact due to Utapete gas flare station, Nigeria," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 28(3), pages 195-202, September.
    2. Nsikak U. Benson & Joseph P. Essien & Godwin A. Ebong & Akan B. Williams, 2008. "Petroleum hydrocarbons and limiting nutrients in Macura reptantia, Procambarus clarkii and benthic sediment from Qua Iboe Estuary, Nigeria," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 28(3), pages 275-282, September.
    3. Henry Kaiser, 1974. "An index of factorial simplicity," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 39(1), pages 31-36, March.
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    1. Radu Lucian Olteanu & Cristiana Radulescu & Petre Bretcan & Inga Zinicovscaia & Otilia Culicov & Konstantin Vergel & Danut Tanislav & Marius Bumbac & Cristina Mihaela Nicolescu & Ioana Daniela Dulama , 2023. "Geochemical Responses to Natural and Anthropogenic Settings in Salt Lakes Sediments from North-Eastern Romanian Plain," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-48, January.

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