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The Ethiopian Health Extension Program and Variation in Health Systems Performance: What Matters?

Author

Listed:
  • Netsanet Fetene
  • Erika Linnander
  • Binyam Fekadu
  • Hibret Alemu
  • Halima Omer
  • Maureen Canavan
  • Janna Smith
  • Peter Berman
  • Elizabeth Bradley

Abstract

Background: Primary health care services are fundamental to improving health and health equity, particularly in the context of low and middle-income settings where resources are scarce. During the past decade, Ethiopia undertook an ambitious investment in primary health care known as the Ethiopian Health Extension Program that recorded impressive gains in several health outcomes. Despite this progress, substantial disparities in health outcomes persist across the country. The objective of this study was to understand how variation in the implementation of the primary health care efforts may explain differences in key health outcomes. Methods and Findings: We conducted a qualitative study of higher-performing and lower-performing woredas using site visits and in-depth interviews undertaken in 7 woredas. We classified woredas as higher-performing or lower-performing based on data on 5 indicators. We conducted a total of 94 open-ended interviews; 12–15 from each woreda. The data were analyzed using the constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis. Substantial contrasts were apparent between higher-performing and lower-performing woredas in use of data for problem solving and performance improvement; collaboration and respectful relationships among health extension workers, community members, and health center staff; and coordination between the woreda health office and higher-level regulatory and financing bodies at the zonal and regional levels. We found similarities in what was reported to motivate or demotivate health extension workers and other staff. Additionally, higher-performing and lower-performing woredas shared concerns about hospitals being isolated from health centers and health posts. Participants from both woredas also highlighted a mismatch between the urban health extension program design and the urban-dwelling communities’ expectations for primary health care. Conclusions: Data-informed problem solving, respectful and supportive relationships with the community, and strong support from zonal and regional health bureaus contributed to woreda performance, suggesting avenues for achieving higher performance in primary health care.

Suggested Citation

  • Netsanet Fetene & Erika Linnander & Binyam Fekadu & Hibret Alemu & Halima Omer & Maureen Canavan & Janna Smith & Peter Berman & Elizabeth Bradley, 2016. "The Ethiopian Health Extension Program and Variation in Health Systems Performance: What Matters?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(5), pages 1-19, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0156438
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156438
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Alberto Posso & Udeni De Silva Perera & Ankita Mishra, 2021. "Community‐level health programs and child labor: Evidence from Ethiopia," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(12), pages 2995-3015, December.
    2. Yemisrach B. Okwaraji & Zelee Hill & Atkure Defar & Della Berhanu & Desta Wolassa & Lars Åke Persson & Geremew Gonfa & Joanna A. Schellenberg, 2020. "Implementation of the ‘Optimising the Health Extension Program’ Intervention in Ethiopia: A Process Evaluation Using Mixed Methods," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-20, August.
    3. Lewis, Todd P. & Aryal, Amit & Mehata, Suresh & Thapa, Astha & Yousafzai, Aisha K. & Kruk, Margaret E., 2022. "Best and worst performing health facilities: A positive deviance analysis of perceived drivers of primary care performance in Nepal," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
    4. Deres Asnake & Metadel Adane, 2020. "Household latrine utilization and associated factors in semi-urban areas of northeastern Ethiopia," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-15, November.
    5. Roba Argaw Tessema & Károly Nagy & Balázs Ádám, 2021. "Pesticide Use, Perceived Health Risks and Management in Ethiopia and in Hungary: A Comparative Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-14, October.
    6. Daniel G Datiko & Dereje Habte & Degu Jerene & Pedro Suarez, 2019. "Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to TB among the general population of Ethiopia: Findings from a national cross-sectional survey," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(10), pages 1-16, October.
    7. Kidist Hailu & Zewdie Aderaw Alemu & Metadel Adane, 2022. "Barriers to cleaning of shared latrines in slums of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(3), pages 1-14, March.

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