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Access to Diagnostic Tests and Essential Medicines for Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Care: Cost, Availability and Affordability in the West Region of Cameroon

Author

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  • Ahmadou M Jingi
  • Jean Jacques N Noubiap
  • Arnold Ewane Onana
  • Jobert Richie N Nansseu
  • Binhuan Wang
  • Samuel Kingue
  • André Pascal Kengne

Abstract

Objective: To assess the availability and affordability of medicines and routine tests for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes in the West region of Cameroon, a low-income setting. Methods: A survey was conducted on the availability and cost of twelve routine tests and twenty medicines for CVD and diabetes in eight health districts (four urban and four rural) covering over 60% of the population of the region (1.8 million). We analyzed the percentage of tests and medicines available, the median price against the international reference price (median price ratio) for the medicines, and affordability in terms of the number of days’ wages it would cost the lowest-paid unskilled government worker for initial investigation tests and procurement for one month of treatment. Results: The availability of tests varied between 10% for the ECG to 100% for the fasting blood sugar. The average cost for the initial investigation using the minimum tests cost 29.76 days’ wages. The availability of medicines varied from 36.4% to 59.1% in urban and from 9.1% to 50% in rural settings. Only metformin and benzathine-benzylpenicilline had a median price ratio of ≤1.5, with statins being largely unaffordable (at least 30.51 days’ wages). One month of combination treatment for coronary heart disease costs at least 40.87 days’ wages. Conclusion: The investigation and management of patients with medium-to-high cardiovascular risk remains largely unavailable and unaffordable in this setting. An effective non-communicable disease program should lay emphasis on primary prevention, and improve affordable access to essential medicines in public outlets.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmadou M Jingi & Jean Jacques N Noubiap & Arnold Ewane Onana & Jobert Richie N Nansseu & Binhuan Wang & Samuel Kingue & André Pascal Kengne, 2014. "Access to Diagnostic Tests and Essential Medicines for Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Care: Cost, Availability and Affordability in the West Region of Cameroon," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(11), pages 1-8, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0111812
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111812
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Minghuan Jiang & Shimin Yang & Kangkang Yan & Jun Liu & Jun Zhao & Yu Fang, 2013. "Measuring Access to Medicines: A Survey of Prices, Availability and Affordability in Shaanxi Province of China," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(8), pages 1-8, August.
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    1. Andrea Hannah Kaiser & Lindsey Hehman & Birger Carl Forsberg & Warren Mukelabai Simangolwa & Jesper Sundewall, 2019. "Availability, prices and affordability of essential medicines for treatment of diabetes and hypertension in private pharmacies in Zambia," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(12), pages 1-18, December.
    2. Anastase Dzudie & Epie Njume & Martin Abanda & Leopold Aminde & Ba Hamadou & Bonaventure Dzekem & Marcel Azabji & Marie Solange Doualla & Marcelin Ngowe & Andre P Kengne, 2020. "Availability, cost and affordability of essential cardiovascular disease medicines in the south west region of Cameroon: Preliminary findings from the Cameroon science for disease study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(3), pages 1-12, March.
    3. Simon Schäfermann & Richard Neci & Edward Ngah Ndze & Fidelis Nyaah & Valentin Basolanduma Pondo & Lutz Heide, 2020. "Availability, prices and affordability of selected antibiotics and medicines against non-communicable diseases in western Cameroon and northeast DR Congo," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(1), pages 1-16, January.

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