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Happiness and Depression in Adolescence after Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy: Birth Cohort Study

Author

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  • Ana Maria Baptista Menezes
  • Joseph Murray
  • Mitzi László
  • Fernando C Wehrmeister
  • Pedro C Hallal
  • Helen Gonçalves
  • Maria Cecilia F Assunção
  • Carolina Baptista Menezes
  • Fernando C Barros

Abstract

Background: Prenatal cigarette smoke exposure may have adverse psychological effects on offspring. The objective was to assess the association between parental smoking during pregnancy and offspring happiness at age 18, as well as depression. Methodology: Participants were part of a birth cohort study in Pelotas, Brazil (5,249 participants). Happiness was measured by the Subjective Happiness Scale, a Likert-like scale with four questions generating a score from 1 to 7, with ≥ 6 indicating "happiness". Depression was measured using the Mini International Psychiatric Interview. ​Results: About one third of mothers reported having smoked during pregnancy and 4.6% reported smoking 20 or more cigarettes a day. The prevalence of happiness was 32.2% (95% CI 30.8; 33.7), depression 6.8% (95% CI 6.1; 7.6), and simultaneous happiness and depression less than 1%. The prevalence of offspring happiness decreased as smoking in pregnancy increased, even after control for confounding variables, showing an OR = 0.79 [95% CI 0.55; 1.13]. The opposite happened to depression; the prevalence of offspring depression increased as smoking in pregnancy increased (

Suggested Citation

  • Ana Maria Baptista Menezes & Joseph Murray & Mitzi László & Fernando C Wehrmeister & Pedro C Hallal & Helen Gonçalves & Maria Cecilia F Assunção & Carolina Baptista Menezes & Fernando C Barros, 2013. "Happiness and Depression in Adolescence after Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy: Birth Cohort Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(11), pages 1-1, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0080370
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080370
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wakschlag, L.S. & Pickett, K.E. & Cook Jr., E. & Benowitz, N.L. & Leventhal, B.L., 2002. "Maternal smoking during pregnancy and severe antisocial behavior in offspring: A review," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 92(6), pages 966-974.
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