IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pone00/0013613.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Long-Term Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment and Program Drop-Out in a High-Risk Urban Setting in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Prospective Cohort Study

Author

Listed:
  • Christian Unge
  • Björn Södergård
  • Gaetano Marrone
  • Anna Thorson
  • Abigael Lukhwaro
  • Jane Carter
  • Festus Ilako
  • Anna Mia Ekström

Abstract

Background: Seventy percent of urban populations in sub-Saharan Africa live in slums. Sustaining HIV patients in these high-risk and highly mobile settings is a major future challenge. This study seeks to assess program retention and to find determinants for low adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) and drop-out from an established HIV/ART program in Kibera, Nairobi, one of Africa's largest informal urban settlements. Methods and Findings: A prospective open cohort study of 800 patients was performed at the African Medical Research Foundation (AMREF) clinic in the Kibera slum. Adherence to ART and drop-out from the ART program were independent outcomes. Two different adherence measures were used: (1) “dose adherence” (the proportion of a prescribed dose taken over the past 4 days) and (2) “adherence index” (based on three adherence questions covering dosing, timing and special instructions). Drop-out from the program was calculated based on clinic appointment dates and number of prescribed doses, and a patient was defined as being lost to follow-up if over 90 days had expired since the last prescribed dose. More than one third of patients were non-adherent when all three aspects of adherence – dosing, timing and special instructions – were taken into account. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that not disclosing HIV status, having a low level of education, living below the poverty limit (US$ 2/day) and not having a treatment buddy were significant predictors for non-adherence. Additionally, one quarter of patients dropped out for more than 90 days after the last prescribed ART dose. Not having a treatment buddy was associated with increased risk for drop-out (hazard ratio 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0–1.9). Conclusion: These findings point to the dilemma of trying to sustain a growing number of people on life-long ART in conditions where prevailing stigma, poverty and food shortages threatens the long-term success of HIV treatment.

Suggested Citation

  • Christian Unge & Björn Södergård & Gaetano Marrone & Anna Thorson & Abigael Lukhwaro & Jane Carter & Festus Ilako & Anna Mia Ekström, 2010. "Long-Term Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment and Program Drop-Out in a High-Risk Urban Setting in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Prospective Cohort Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 5(10), pages 1-12, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0013613
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013613
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0013613
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0013613&type=printable
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1371/journal.pone.0013613?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Muhamadi, Lubega & Nsabagasani, Xavier & Tumwesigye, Mbona Nazarius & Wabwire-Mangen, Fred & Ekström, Anna-Mia & Peterson, Stefan & Pariyo, George, 2010. "Inadequate pre-antiretroviral care, stock-out of antiretroviral drugs and stigma: Policy challenges/bottlenecks to the new WHO recommendations for earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy (CDÂ," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 97(2-3), pages 187-194, October.
    2. Norma C Ware & John Idoko & Sylvia Kaaya & Irene Andia Biraro & Monique A Wyatt & Oche Agbaji & Guerino Chalamilla & David R Bangsberg, 2009. "Explaining Adherence Success in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Ethnographic Study," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(1), pages 1-7, January.
    3. Martin W G Brinkhof & Mar Pujades-Rodriguez & Matthias Egger, 2009. "Mortality of Patients Lost to Follow-Up in Antiretroviral Treatment Programmes in Resource-Limited Settings: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 4(6), pages 1-9, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Julia Dickson-Gomez & Agnes Nyabigambo & Abigail Rudd & Julius Ssentongo & Arthur Kiconco & Roy William Mayega, 2023. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Challenges in Informal Settlements in Kampala, Uganda: A Qualitative Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(12), pages 1-13, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Faith Martin & Steve Russell & Janet Seeley, 2014. "Higher Quality of Life and Lower Depression for People on ART in Uganda as Compared to a Community Control Group," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(8), pages 1-8, August.
    2. Ingrid V Bassett & Darshini Govindasamy & Alison S Erlwanger & Emily P Hyle & Katharina Kranzer & Nienke van Schaik & Farzad Noubary & A David Paltiel & Robin Wood & Rochelle P Walensky & Elena Losina, 2014. "Mobile HIV Screening in Cape Town, South Africa: Clinical Impact, Cost and Cost-Effectiveness," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(1), pages 1-11, January.
    3. Viet-Thi Tran & Mariam Mama Djima & Eugene Messou & Jocelyne Moisan & Jean-Pierre Grégoire & Didier K Ekouevi, 2018. "Avoidable workload of care for patients living with HIV infection in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: A cross-sectional study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(8), pages 1-15, August.
    4. Julie Henriques & Mar Pujades-Rodriguez & Megan McGuire & Elisabeth Szumilin & Jean Iwaz & Jean-François Etard & René Ecochard, 2012. "Comparison of Methods to Correct Survival Estimates and Survival Regression Analysis on a Large HIV African Cohort," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(2), pages 1-7, February.
    5. Mushavi, Rumbidzai C. & Burns, Bridget F.O. & Kakuhikire, Bernard & Owembabazi, Moran & Vořechovská, Dagmar & McDonough, Amy Q. & Cooper-Vince, Christine E. & Baguma, Charles & Rasmussen, Justin D. & , 2020. "“When you have no water, it means you have no peace”: A mixed-methods, whole-population study of water insecurity and depression in rural Uganda," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    6. Beth S Rachlis & Edward J Mills & Donald C Cole, 2011. "Livelihood Security and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Low and Middle Income Settings: A Systematic Review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(5), pages 1-15, May.
    7. Solome Kiribakka Bakeera & George Pariyo & Max Petzold & Sandro Galea & Wamala SP, 2012. "Associations between Socioeconomic Factors and Social Capital amongst Child Caregivers in Eastern Uganda," Review of Economics & Finance, Better Advances Press, Canada, vol. 2, pages 51-62, February.
    8. James H McMahon & Julian H Elliott & Steven Y Hong & Silvia Bertagnolio & Michael R Jordan, 2013. "Effects of Physical Tracing on Estimates of Loss to Follow-Up, Mortality and Retention in Low and Middle Income Country Antiretroviral Therapy Programs: A Systematic Review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(2), pages 1-12, February.
    9. Ahmed, Shahira & Autrey, Jessica & Katz, Ingrid T. & Fox, Matthew P. & Rosen, Sydney & Onoya, Dorina & Bärnighausen, Till & Mayer, Kenneth H. & Bor, Jacob, 2018. "Why do people living with HIV not initiate treatment? A systematic review of qualitative evidence from low- and middle-income countries," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 72-84.
    10. April D. Kimmel & Daniel W. Fitzgerald & Jean W. Pape & Bruce R. Schackman, 2015. "Performance of a Mathematical Model to Forecast Lives Saved from HIV Treatment Expansion in Resource-Limited Settings," Medical Decision Making, , vol. 35(2), pages 230-242, February.
    11. Perkins, Jessica M. & Subramanian, S.V. & Christakis, Nicholas A., 2015. "Social networks and health: A systematic review of sociocentric network studies in low- and middle-income countries," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 60-78.
    12. Thomas N Nissen & Michala V Rose & Godfather Kimaro & Ib C Bygbjerg & Sayoki G Mfinanga & Pernille Ravn, 2012. "Challenges of Loss to Follow-up in Tuberculosis Research," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(7), pages 1-8, July.
    13. Hannock Tweya & Caryl Feldacker & Janne Estill & Andreas Jahn & Wingston Ng’ambi & Anne Ben-Smith & Olivia Keiser & Mphatso Bokosi & Matthias Egger & Colin Speight & Joe Gumulira & Sam Phiri, 2013. "Are They Really Lost? “True” Status and Reasons for Treatment Discontinuation among HIV Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy Considered Lost to Follow Up in Urban Malawi," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(9), pages 1-1, September.
    14. Janne Estill & Matthias Egger & Leigh F Johnson & Thomas Gsponer & Gilles Wandeler & Mary-Ann Davies & Andrew Boulle & Robin Wood & Daniela Garone & Jeffrey S A Stringer & Timothy B Hallett & Olivia K, 2013. "Monitoring of Antiretroviral Therapy and Mortality in HIV Programmes in Malawi, South Africa and Zambia: Mathematical Modelling Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(2), pages 1-8, February.
    15. Kara G Marson & Kenneth Tapia & Pamela Kohler & Christine J McGrath & Grace C John-Stewart & Barbra A Richardson & Julia W Njoroge & James N Kiarie & Samah R Sakr & Michael H Chung, 2013. "Male, Mobile, and Moneyed: Loss to Follow-Up vs. Transfer of Care in an Urban African Antiretroviral Treatment Clinic," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(10), pages 1-1, October.
    16. DiClemente-Bosco, Kira & Weber, Alison Z. & Harrison, Abigail & Tsawe, Nokwazi & Rini, Zanele & Brittain, Kirsty & Colvin, Christopher J. & Myer, Landon & Pellowski, Jennifer A., 2022. "Empowerment in pregnancy: ART adherence among women living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    17. Ezumah, Nkoli & Manzano, Ana & Ezenwaka, Uchenna & Obi, Uche & Ensor, Tim & Etiaba, Enyi & Onwujekwe, Obinna & Ebenso, Bassey & Uzochukwu, Benjamin & Huss, Reinhard & Mirzoev, Tolib, 2022. "Role of trust in sustaining provision and uptake of maternal and child healthcare: Evidence from a national programme in Nigeria," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    18. Patou Masika Musumari & Edwin Wouters & Patrick Kalambayi Kayembe & Modeste Kiumbu Nzita & Samclide Mutindu Mbikayi & S Pilar Suguimoto & Teeranee Techasrivichien & Bhekumusa Wellington Lukhele & Chri, 2014. "Food Insecurity Is Associated with Increased Risk of Non-Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV-Infected Adults in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Cross-Sectional Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(1), pages 1-10, January.
    19. Matthew R Lamb & Wafaa M El-Sadr & Elvin Geng & Denis Nash, 2012. "Association of Adherence Support and Outreach Services with Total Attrition, Loss to Follow-Up, and Death among ART Patients in Sub-Saharan Africa," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(6), pages 1-12, June.
    20. Biplab Bhattacharya & Li Lin & Rajan Batta & Pavani K. Ram, 2020. "Stock-out severity index: tool for evaluating inequity in drug stock-outs," Central European Journal of Operations Research, Springer;Slovak Society for Operations Research;Hungarian Operational Research Society;Czech Society for Operations Research;Österr. Gesellschaft für Operations Research (ÖGOR);Slovenian Society Informatika - Section for Operational Research;Croatian Operational Research Society, vol. 28(4), pages 1243-1263, December.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0013613. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: plosone (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.