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Memory Extinction Entails the Inhibition of the Transcription Factor NF-κB

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  • Emiliano Merlo
  • Arturo Romano

Abstract

In contextual memories, an association between a positive or negative reinforcement and the contextual cues where the reinforcement occurs is formed. The re-exposure to the context without reinforcement can lead to memory extinction or reconsolidation, depending on the number of events or duration of a single event of context re-exposure. Extinction involves the temporary waning of the previously acquired conditioned response. The molecular processes underlying extinction and the mechanisms which determine if memory will reconsolidate or extinguish after retrieval are not well characterized, particularly the role of transcription factors and gene expression. Here we studied the participation of a transcription factor, NF-κB, in memory extinction. In the crab context-signal memory, the activation of NF-κB plays a critical role in consolidation and reconsolidation, memory processes that are well characterized in this model. The administration of a NF-κB inhibitor, sulfasalazine prior to extinction session impeded spontaneous recovery. Moreover, reinstatement experiments showed that the original memory was not affected and that NF-κB inhibition by sulfasalazine impaired spontaneous recovery strengthening the ongoing memory extinction process. Interestingly, in animals with fully consolidated memory, a brief re-exposure to the training context induced neuronal NF-κB activation and reconsolidation, while prolonged re-exposure induced NF-κB inhibition and memory extinction. These data constitutes a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the switch between memory reconsolidation and extinction. Moreover, we propose the inhibition of NF-κB as the engaged mechanism underlying extinction, supporting a novel approach for the pharmacological enhancement of this memory process. The accurate description of the molecular mechanisms that support memory extinction is potentially useful for developing new strategies and drug candidates for therapeutic treatments of the maladaptive memory disorders such as post-traumatic stress, phobias, and drug addiction.

Suggested Citation

  • Emiliano Merlo & Arturo Romano, 2008. "Memory Extinction Entails the Inhibition of the Transcription Factor NF-κB," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 3(11), pages 1-12, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0003687
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003687
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Giovanni Marsicano & Carsten T. Wotjak & Shahnaz C. Azad & Tiziana Bisogno & Gerhard Rammes & Maria Grazia Cascio & Heike Hermann & Jianrong Tang & Clementine Hofmann & Walter Zieglgänsberger & Vincen, 2002. "The endogenous cannabinoid system controls extinction of aversive memories," Nature, Nature, vol. 418(6897), pages 530-534, August.
    2. David Genoux & Ursula Haditsch & Marlen Knobloch & Aubin Michalon & Daniel Storm & Isabelle M. Mansuy, 2002. "Protein phosphatase 1 is a molecular constraint on learning and memory," Nature, Nature, vol. 418(6901), pages 970-975, August.
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