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The Impact of Pyrethroid Resistance on the Efficacy of Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets against African Anopheline Mosquitoes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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  • Clare Strode
  • Sarah Donegan
  • Paul Garner
  • Ahmad Ali Enayati
  • Janet Hemingway

Abstract

: In a systematic review and meta-analysis, Clare Strode and colleagues assess whether insecticide resistance in African Anopheline mosquitoes affects the efficacy of insecticide-treated bed nets. Background: Pyrethroid insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) help contribute to reducing malaria deaths in Africa, but their efficacy is threatened by insecticide resistance in some malaria mosquito vectors. We therefore assessed the evidence that resistance is attenuating the effect of ITNs on entomological outcomes. Methods and Findings: We included laboratory and field studies of African malaria vectors that measured resistance at the time of the study and used World Health Organization–recommended impregnation regimens. We reported mosquito mortality, blood feeding, induced exophily (premature exit of mosquitoes from the hut), deterrence, time to 50% or 95% knock-down, and percentage knock-down at 60 min. Publications were searched from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 2013 using MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, African Index Medicus, and CAB Abstracts. We stratified studies into three levels of insecticide resistance, and ITNs were compared with untreated bed nets (UTNs) using the risk difference (RD). Heterogeneity was explored visually and statistically. Included were 36 laboratory and 24 field studies, reported in 25 records. Studies tested and reported resistance inconsistently. Based on the meta-analytic results, the difference in mosquito mortality risk for ITNs compared to UTNs was lower in higher resistance categories. However, mortality risk was significantly higher for ITNs compared to UTNs regardless of resistance. For cone tests: low resistance, risk difference (RD) 0.86 (95% CI 0.72 to 1.01); moderate resistance, RD 0.71 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.88); high resistance, RD 0.56 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.95). For tunnel tests: low resistance, RD 0.74 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.87); moderate resistance, RD 0.50 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.60); high resistance, RD 0.39 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.54). For hut studies: low resistance, RD 0.56 (95% CI 0.43 to 0.68); moderate resistance, RD 0.39 (95% CI 0.16 to 0.61); high resistance, RD 0.35 (95% CI 0.27 to 0.43). However, with the exception of the moderate resistance category for tunnel tests, there was extremely high heterogeneity across studies in each resistance category (chi-squared test, p

Suggested Citation

  • Clare Strode & Sarah Donegan & Paul Garner & Ahmad Ali Enayati & Janet Hemingway, 2014. "The Impact of Pyrethroid Resistance on the Efficacy of Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets against African Anopheline Mosquitoes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(3), pages 1-32, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pmed00:1001619
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001619
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    Cited by:

    1. Kasahun Eba & Luc Duchateau & Beekam Kebede Olkeba & Pieter Boets & Dechasa Bedada & Peter L. M. Goethals & Seid Tiku Mereta & Delenasaw Yewhalaw, 2021. "Bio-Control of Anopheles Mosquito Larvae Using Invertebrate Predators to Support Human Health Programs in Ethiopia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-9, February.
    2. A. N. Anoopkumar & Embalil Mathachan Aneesh, 2022. "A critical assessment of mosquito control and the influence of climate change on mosquito-borne disease epidemics," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(6), pages 8900-8929, June.
    3. Ellie Sherrard-Smith & Corine Ngufor & Antoine Sanou & Moussa W. Guelbeogo & Raphael N’Guessan & Eldo Elobolobo & Francisco Saute & Kenyssony Varela & Carlos J. Chaccour & Rose Zulliger & Joseph Wagma, 2022. "Inferring the epidemiological benefit of indoor vector control interventions against malaria from mosquito data," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
    4. Beekam Kebede Olkeba & Peter L. M. Goethals & Pieter Boets & Luc Duchateau & Teshome Degefa & Kasahun Eba & Delenasaw Yewhalaw & Seid Tiku Mereta, 2021. "Mesocosm Experiments to Quantify Predation of Mosquito Larvae by Aquatic Predators to Determine Potential of Ecological Control of Malaria Vectors in Ethiopia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-10, June.

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