IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/pid/journl/v33y1994i1p53-74.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Irrigation Inequalities in Pakistan 1960-1980: A District-level Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Manzoor Ahmad

    (Colorado State University, USA.)

  • Rajan K. Sampath

    (Colorado State University, USA.)

Abstract

This study estimates the magnitudes of inequality in the distribution of irrigated areas at three points in time and extends the findings of Gill and Sampath (1990) using more disaggregated data. Specifically, it provides estimates of the level of inequality in the distribution of land and irrigation-related attributes among agricultural households across farm-size groups at provincial and district levels. It decomposes the levels of inequality in each province in terms of its two major components, namely, "between-districts" and "within-district" inequality, and tests a modified "Kuznet" hypothesis, according to which the relationship between the levels of inequality and the levels of development is an inverted "U". The major findings of the study are: There exists considerable inequality in the distribution of various land area variables across farm-size groups in all the districts of Pakistan, with considerable inter-district variations in their levels and movements over time; between the "within-district" inequality and "between-districts" inequality. The former represents 91 percent, 76 percent, 75 percent, and 65 percent of total inequalities for Sindh, the Punjab, Balochistan, and the NWFP, respectively. This means that more has to be done in terms of the irrigation distribution policy than in terms of removing the inter-district variations in irrigation development. And, finally, the modified "Kuznet" hypothesis is valid in explaining the inter-district variations in the levels of inequality in the distribution of at least some of the land area variables.

Suggested Citation

  • Manzoor Ahmad & Rajan K. Sampath, 1994. "Irrigation Inequalities in Pakistan 1960-1980: A District-level Analysis," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 33(1), pages 53-74.
    • Handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:33:y:1994:i:1:p:53-74
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/1994/Volume1/53-74.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Rajan K. Sampath, 1990. "On Some Aspects of Irrigation Distribution in India," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 66(4), pages 448-463.
    2. Zafar Mahmood, 1984. "Income Inequality in Pakistan. An Analysis of Existing Evidence," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 23(2-3), pages 365-379.
    3. Zulfiqar A. Gill & Rajan K. Sampath, 1992. "Inequality in Irrigation Distribution in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 31(1), pages 75-100.
    4. M. Ghaffar Chaudhry, 1973. "Rural Income Distribution in Pakistan in the Green Revolution Perspective," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 12(3), pages 247-258.
    5. Merrey, D. J. & Wolf, J. M., 1986. "Irrigation management in Pakistan: four papers," IWMI Books, Reports H001898, International Water Management Institute.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Toseef Azid & Shahnawaz Malik, 2000. "Impact of Village-specific, Household-specific, and Technological Variables on Poverty in Punjab," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 39(4), pages 793-806.
    2. Khalil Ahmad & Safdar Ali & Ayesha Haider & Muhammad Shahid & Muhammad Mudassar Naushahi, 2021. "Fiscal Implications for Rural-Urban Income Inequality: The Case of Pakistan," International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), vol. 0(2), pages 246-259.
    3. Talat Anwar, 2003. "Trends in Inequality in Pakistan between 1998-99 and 2001-02," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 42(4), pages 809-821.
    4. Mahmood Hasan Khan, 1981. "The Political Economy of Agricultural Research in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 20(2), pages 191-213.
    5. Aftab Ahmad Cheema & Muhammad Hussain Malik, 1985. "Changes in Consumption Patterns and Employment under Alternative Income Distributions in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 24(1), pages 1-22.
    6. Talat Anwar, 2010. "Role of Growth and Inequality in Explaining Changes in Poverty in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 49(1), pages 1-17.
    7. Shively, Gerald & Yao, Richard, 2015. "Poverty, Income Inequality, and Irrigation Development: Longitudinal Evidence from Palawan, Philippines," Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), vol. 12(01), pages 1-18, June.
    8. M. Ghaffar Chaudhry, 1982. "Green Revolution and Redistribution of Rural Incomes. Pakistan's Experience," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 21(3), pages 173-205.
    9. Nadia Zakir & Muhammad Idrees, 2009. "Trends in Inequality, Welfare, and Growth in Pakistan, 1963-64 to 2004-05," Microeconomics Working Papers 22983, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
    10. Rashida Haq, 1999. "Income Inequality and Economic Welfare. A Decomposition Analysis for the Household Sector in Pakistan," PIDE-Working Papers 1999:170, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    11. Nayak, Sanatan, 2009. "Distributional Inequality and Groundwater Depletion: An Analysis Across Major States in India," Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, vol. 64(01), pages 1-19.
    12. Fijnanda van Klingeren & Nan Dirk de Graaf, 2021. "Heterogeneity, trust and common-pool resource management," Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Springer;Association of Environmental Studies and Sciences, vol. 11(1), pages 37-64, March.
    13. Zulfiqar A. Gill & Rajan K. Sampath, 1992. "Inequality in Irrigation Distribution in Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 31(1), pages 75-100.
    14. Ruttan, Lore M., 2008. "Economic Heterogeneity and the Commons: Effects on Collective Action and Collective Goods Provisioning," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 969-985, May.
    15. Arshad Ali Bhatti & Zakia Batool & Hasnain A. Naqvi, 2015. "Fiscal Policy and Its Role in Reducing Income Inequality- A CGE Analysis for Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 54(4), pages 843-864.
    16. Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela & Sullins, Martha, 1994. "Water markets in Pakistan: participation and productivity," EPTD discussion papers 4, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    17. Mehboob Ahmad, 2000. "Estimation of Distribution of Income in Pakistan, Using Micro Data," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 39(4), pages 807-824.
    18. Hadia Majid, 2022. "Drought, Farm Output and Heterogeneity: Evidence from Pakistan," Journal of South Asian Development, , vol. 17(1), pages 32-56, April.
    19. M. Ghaffar Chaudhr & Manzoor A. Gill & Ghulam Mustafa Chaudhry, 1985. "Size - Productivity Relationship in Pakistan's Agriculture in the Seventies," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 24(3-4), pages 349-361.
    20. Rashida Haq, 1999. "Income Inequality and Economic Welfare: A Decomposition Analysis for the Household Sector in Pakistan," PIDE Research Report 1999:170, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pid:journl:v:33:y:1994:i:1:p:53-74. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Khurram Iqbal (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/pideipk.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.