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R&D expenditures by field of science and GDP: Which causes which in Canada?

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  • Bayram Veli Doyar

Abstract

This paper attempts to reveal the relationship between GDP per capita and R & D expenditure per capita, R & D expenditure per capita on natural sciences and engineering, and R & D expenditure per capita on social sciences and humanities for Canada. Based on data from 1981 to 2014, bootstrap causality test proposed by Hacker and Hatemi-J (2006) show that there is a unidirectional causality from GDP per capita to R & D expenditure per capita, and a unidirectional causality from GDP per capita to R & D expenditure per capita on natural sciences and engineering. However, no causal relationship is observed between R & D expenditure per capita on social sciences and humanities and GDP per capita. These results may point an indirect relationship between the variables or the validity of R & D paradox and the European paradox for Canada.

Suggested Citation

  • Bayram Veli Doyar, 2019. "R&D expenditures by field of science and GDP: Which causes which in Canada?," Economics and Business Letters, Oviedo University Press, vol. 8(1), pages 31-40.
    • Handle: RePEc:ove:journl:aid:12856
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    File URL: https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/EBL/article/view/12856
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