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Regional Integration and Informal Trade in Africa: Evidence from Benin’s Borders

Author

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  • Sami Bensassi
  • Joachim Jarreau
  • Cristina Mitaritonna

Abstract

Regional trade is low in sub-saharan Africa. But a large share of regional trade is informal, i.e., not recorded in official data. This paper studies the relationship between trade barriers and informality of trade. We use an original survey of informal transactions across Benin’s land borders, which provides the first direct and comprehensive account of trade volumes and product coverage for this type of trade. We combine this data with official trade records and exploit variation across products and countries to measure the impact of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade on informality. Increasing tariffs on a given product by 10% makes it about 12% more likely that this product is imported informally rather than formally. Non-tariff measures also increase informality. Our results also suggest that compliance costs, aside from tariffs and regulations, contribute to explain informality.

Suggested Citation

  • Sami Bensassi & Joachim Jarreau & Cristina Mitaritonna, 2019. "Regional Integration and Informal Trade in Africa: Evidence from Benin’s Borders," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 28(1), pages 89-118.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:jafrec:v:28:y:2019:i:1:p:89-118.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/jae/ejy016
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Fabien Candau & Geoffroy Guepie & Reine Kouakou, 2018. "In Gravity no Veritas: Dubious Trade Elasticiy and Weak Effects of Regional Trade Agreements in Africa," Working Papers hal-02625930, HAL.
    2. Bensassi, Sami & Jarreau, Joachim, 2019. "Price discrimination in bribe payments: Evidence from informal cross-border trade in West Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 462-480.
    3. Drinkwater, Stephen & Robinson, Catherine, 2023. "The impact of customs and trade regulations on the operations of African firms," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    4. Croke,Kevin & Garcia Mora,Maria Elena & Goldstein,Markus P. & Mensah,Edouard Romeo & O'Sullivan,Michael B., 2020. "Up before Dawn : Experimental Evidence from a Cross-Border Trader Training at the Democratic Republic of Congo?Rwanda Border," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9123, The World Bank.
    5. Courage Mlambo, 2021. "The Impact of Port Performance on Trade: The Case of Selected African States," Economies, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-18, September.
    6. Eberhard-Ruiz, Andreas & Moradi, Alexander, 2019. "Regional market integration in East Africa: Local but no regional effects?," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 255-268.
    7. Jade Siu, 2020. "Formalising informal cross-border trade: Evidence from One-Stop-Border-Posts in Uganda," Discussion Papers 20-08, Department of Economics, University of Birmingham.
    8. Sami Bensassi & Joachim Jarreau, 2019. "Price discrimination in bribe payments: Evidence from informal cross-border trade in West Africa," Post-Print hal-02390008, HAL.
    9. Boker Poumie & Edmond Noubissi Domguia & Borice Augustin Ngounou & Thierry Messie Pondie & Joseph Nzomo Tcheuta, 2023. "The effect of the informal economy on bilateral exports from sub‐Saharan African countries," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 35(1), pages 65-78, March.
    10. Jakob Rauschendorfer & Ben Shepherd, 2022. "Trade, conflict and informality: Evidence from the South Sudanese civil war," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(3), pages 867-894, March.
    11. Jessica A. Gephart & Rahul Agrawal Bejarano & Kelvin Gorospe & Alex Godwin & Christopher D. Golden & Rosamond L. Naylor & Kirsty L. Nash & Michael L. Pace & Max Troell, 2024. "Globalization of wild capture and farmed aquatic foods," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.
    12. Tasew Tadesse, 2023. "Explaining Customs Tax Evasion in Ethiopia: The Effect of Trade Tax, Law Enforcement, and Product Characteristics," Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, Emerging Markets Forum, vol. 15(3), pages 330-353, September.
    13. Stender, Frederik & Vogel, Tim, 2021. "Murky trade waters: Regional tariff commitments and non-tariff measures in Africa," IDOS Discussion Papers 13/2021, German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS).
    14. Jacqueline M. Klopp & Melissa Trimble & Eleanor Wiseman, 2022. "Corruption, gender, and small‐scale cross‐border trade in East Africa: A review," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 40(5), September.
    15. Walkenhorst, Peter, 2021. "Disability, Empathy and Trade: Evidence from Small-Scale Cross-Border Transactions in Uganda," MPRA Paper 112796, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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