Learning, unlearning and forgetting processes in industrial districts

This paper proposes a conceptual framework on knowledge accumulation and depletion in industrial districts (IDs). The framework introduces three types of endogenous cognitive processes, namely learning, forgetting and unlearning, affected by internal and external dynamics. Such processes determine the reconfiguration of the ID cognitive structure based on the expansion and contraction of local knowledge. We apply the framework to three empirical cases: the Stoke-on-Trent ceramic ID, the Prato textile ID and the Macerata–Fermo footwear IDs. The empirical analysis describes the reconfiguration of the ID cognitive structure in relation to different cross-boundary relations, such as the introduction of a new policy, technological change and internationalisation. The results inform us that the contraction of some productive specialisations through forgetting may not be just the prelude of decline, but rather a condition fostering the exploration of new learning opportunities within paths of manufacturing recovery.